{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:02:36Z","timestamp":1791910956921,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In in vivo cardiovascular or toxicological studies involving rat models, changes in selected electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters are monitored after various interventions to assess the origin and development of heart rhythm disorders. Each ECG parameter has diagnostic significance; as such, commonly evaluated ECG parameters, including heart rate, PR interval, P wave duration, P wave amplitude, QRS complex, QT and QTc interval duration, R wave and T wave amplitude, of rats under various types of general anesthesia were the focus of this study. Studies that performed in vivo cardiovascular or toxicological experiments in rats were retrieved from a search of the Web of Science database for articles published mainly between 2000 and 2021. In total, the search retrieved 123 articles. ECG parameters that were reported as baseline or control values were summarized and averages with ranges were calculated. It is important to be cautious when interpreting results and, in discussions addressing the mechanisms underlying a given type of arrhythmia, acknowledge that initial ECG parameters may already be affected to some extent by the general anesthesia as well as by sex and the time of day the experiments were performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T09:06:11Z","timestamp":1652346371000},"page":"177-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["General Anesthesia and Electrocardiographic Parameters in in vivo Experiments Involving Rats"],"prefix":"10.33549","author":[{"given":"P","family":"\u0160vorc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"P","family":"\u0160vorc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic. pavol.svorc@upjs.sk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19169","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. Fields RD. Testing males and females in every medical experiment is a bad idea requiring medical researchers to test males and females in every experiment sounds reasonable, but it is a bad idea. The Sciences 2014. www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/testing-males-and-females-in-every-medical-experiment-is-a-bad-idea\/","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.09861.048"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Caetano J, Alves JD. Heart rate and cardiovascular protection. Eur J Int Med 2015;26(4):217-222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.02.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.02.009"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Zaza A, Ronchi C, Malfatto G. Arrhythmias and heart rate: Mechanisms and significance of a relationship. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2018;7(4):232\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2018.12.3","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2018.12.3"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"4. Svorc P, Tomori Z, Bracokova I, Marossy A. Effect of pentobarbital and ketamine\/xylazine anaesthesia on the electrical stability of the heart and heart rate in rat hypoventilation\/reoxygenation model. Biologia 2003;58(3):379-386. ISSN 0006-3088"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Priori SG, Chen SR. Inherited dysfunction of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling and arrhythmogenesis. Circ Res 2011;108:871\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.226845","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.110.226845"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. James AF, Choisy SCM, Hancox JC. Recent advances in understanding sex differences in cardiac repolarization. Progress in Biophys Mol Biol 2007;94(3):265\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2005.05.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2005.05.010"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"7. Harkness JE, Wagner JE. In: The biology and medicine of rabbits and rodents. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1977."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8. Leblanc N, Chartier D, Gosselin H, Rouleau JL. Age and gender differences in excitation-contraction coupling of the rat ventricle. J Physiol (Lond.) 1998;511(Pt2):533\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.533bh.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.533bh.x"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9. Philp KL, Coker SJ, Hussain M, Hart G. Actions of 17b-oestradiol on the current-voltage relationship for the L-type calcium current (ICa) in ventricular myocytes isolated from male and female rats. J Physiol (Lond) 2002;544P:57P\u201358P."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10. Hashimoto M, Kuwahara M, Tsubone H, Sugano S. Diurnal variation of autonomic nervous activity in the rat - Investigation by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. J Electrocardiol 1999;32(2):167-171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-0736(99)90095-X","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-0736(99)90095-x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11. Hashimoto M, Harada T, Ishikawa T, Obata M, Shibutani Y. Investigation on diabetic autonomic neuropathy assessed by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in WBN\/Kob rats. J Electrocardiol 2001;34(3):243-250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/jelc.2001.25130","DOI":"10.1054\/jelc.2001.25130"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12. Koresh O, Kaplan Z, Zohar J, Matar MA, Geva AB, Cohen H. Distinctive cardiac autonomic dysfunction following stress exposure in both sexes in an animal model of PTSD. Behav Brain Res 2016;308:128-142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.04.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.04.024"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13. Molcan L, Teplan M, Vesela A, Zeman M. The long-term effects of phase advance shifts of photoperiod on cardiovascular parameters as measured by radiotelemetry in rats. Physiol Meas 2013;34:1623-1632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/12\/1623","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/12\/1623"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14. Molcan L, Vesela A, Zeman M. Repeated phase shifts in the lighting regimen change the blood pressure response to norepinephrine stimulation in rats. Physiol Res 2014;63(5):567-575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.932653","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932653"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15. Schlatter J, Zbinden G. Heart rate- and ECG-recording in the rat by biotelemetry. In: Chambers CM and Chambers PL (eds) New toxicology for old. Archives of Toxicology (Supplement) 5. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 1982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-68511-8_31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68511-8_31"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16. Svorc P, SvorcJr. P, Novakova M, Bacova I, Jurasova Z, Marossy A. Ketamine\/xylazine anaesthesia in the chronobiological studies. Biol Rhythm Res 2014;45(4):633-642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09291016.2014.884305","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2014.884305"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17. SvorcJr. P, Svorc P, Bacova I, Gresova S. Pentobarbital anaesthesia in the chronobiological studies. Biol Rhythm Res 2015;46(3):445-452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09291016.2015.1020202","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2015.1020202"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18. Farmer JB, Levy GP. A simple method for recording the electrocardiogram and heart rate from conscious animals. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1968;32:193-200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00443.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00443.x"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19. Sgoifo A, De Boer SF, Buwalda B, Korte-Bouws G, Tuma J, Bohus B, Zaagsma J, Koolhaas JM. Vulnerability to arrhythmias during social stress in rats with different sympathovagal balance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1998;275(2):460-466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.1998.275.2.H460","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1998.275.2.h460"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20. Nijsen MJMA, Croiset G, Diamant M, Stam R, Delsing D, de Wied D, Wiegant VM. Conditioned fear-induced tachycardia in the rat; vagal involvement. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;350(2-3):211-222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00261-1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(98)00261-1"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21. Nijsen MJMA, Croiset G, Stam R, Bruijnzeel A, Diamant M, de Wied D. The role of the CRH type 1 receptor in autonomic responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22(4):388-399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00126-8","DOI":"10.1016\/s0893-133x(99)00126-8"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Nijsen MJMA, Croiset G, Diamant M, De Wied D, Wiegant VM. CRH signalling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in stress-induced cardiac vagal activation in conscious rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;24(1):1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00167-6","DOI":"10.1016\/s0893-133x(00)00167-6"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Baillard C, Mansier P, Ennezat PV, Mangin L, Medigue C, Swynghedauw B, Chevalier B. Converting enzyme inhibition normalizes QT interval in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2000;36:350-354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.HYP.36.3.350","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.36.3.350"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24. Towa S, Kuwahara M, Tsubone H. Characteristics of autonomic nervous function in Zucker-fatty rats: Investigation by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Exp Anim 2004;53(2):137-144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1538\/expanim.53.137","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.53.137"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25. Pereira-Junior PP, Marocolo M; Rodrigues FP, Medei E, Nascimento JHM. Noninvasive method for electrocardiogram recording in conscious rats: feasibility for heart rate variability analysis. An Acad Bras Ci\u00eanc 2010;82(2):431-437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0001-37652010000200019","DOI":"10.1590\/s0001-37652010000200019"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Koizumi S, Minamisawa S, Sasaguri K, Onozuka M, Sato S, Ono Y. Chewing reduces sympathetic nervous response to stress and prevents poststress arrhythmias in rats. Amer J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol 2011;301(4):H1551-H1558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.01224.2010","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01224.2010"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27. Carll AP, Hazari MS, Perez CM, Krantz QT, King CJ, Winsett DW, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Whole and particle-free diesel exhausts differentially affect cardiac electrophysiology, blood pressure, and autonomic balance in heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 2012;128(2):490-499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs162","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs162"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Kumar P, Srivastava P, Gupta A, Bajpai M. Noninvasive recording of electrocardiogram in conscious rat: A new device. Ind J Pharmacol 2017;49(1):116-118.","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.201031"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"29. Lessard Y, Vernhet L, Mainguy A. Relationships between transmembrane action potential changes and simultaneous changes in electrocardiograms of rats after a one-month aortic pressure overload. Physiol Res 1997;46(4):257-269."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30. Miki K, Kosho A, Hayashida Y. Method for continuous measurements of renal sympathetic nerve activity and cardiovascular function during exercise in rats. Exp Physiol 2002;87(1):33-39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/eph8702281","DOI":"10.1113\/eph8702281"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. Sugiyama A, Takahara A, Honsho S, Nakamura Y, Hashimoto K: A simple in vivo atrial fibrillation model of rat induced by transesophageal atrial burst pacing. J Pharmacol Sci 2005;98:315-318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1254\/jphs.scj05002x","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.scj05002x"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32. Rivero DHRF, Sassaki C, Lorenzi-Filho G, Saldiva PHN. PM2.5 induces acute electrocardiographic alterations in healthy rats. Environ Res 2005;99(2):262-266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2004.12.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.12.007"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33. Yokokawa M, Ohnishi S, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Obata H,Otani K,Miyahara Y, Tanaka K, Shimizu W, Nakazawa K, Kangawa K, Kamakura S, Kitamura S, Nagaya N. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells improves atrioventricular conduction in a rat model of complete atrioventricular block. Cell Transplantat 2008;17(10-11):1145-1155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3727\/096368908787236594","DOI":"10.3727\/096368908787236594"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Kumar R, Kela A, Tayal G. Effect Of Acute stress on rat ECG. The Internet Journal of Pharmacology 2009;8(1).","DOI":"10.5580\/299b"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"35. Imani A, Faghihi M, Keshavarz DM, Karimian SM, Niaraki SS. Effect of different doses of noradrenaline against ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rat heart in vivo. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2009;9(1):35-44. https:\/\/doaj.org\/article\/f2fa80abee8449e6b37d49486c0654d9"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36. Chang YT, Wann SR, Wu PL, Hsieh KH, Lin CC, Huang MS, Chang HT. Influence of age on heart rate variability during therapeutic hypothermia in a rat model. Resuscitation 2011;82(10):1350-1354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.04.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.04.031"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37. Howarth FC, Jacobson M, Shafiullah M, Ljubisavljevic M, Adeghate E. Heart rate, body temperature and physical activity are variously affected during insulin treatment in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rat. Physiol Res 2011;60(1):65-73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.931984","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931984"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38. Liu B, Li S, Su Y, Xiong MT, Xu YW. Comparative study of the protective effects of terfenadine and amiodarone on barium chloride\/aconitine-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rats: A potential role of terfenadine. Mol Med Rep 2014;10(6):3217-3226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2014.2640","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2640"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"39. Abood AM and Elshal MF. VDR stimulation improves outcome of isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats via down-regulation of cardiac inos gene expression. Biomed Res 2015;26(4):755-764. ID: 45515693"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Ahmad A, Sattar MZ, Rathore HA, Khan SA, Lazhari MA, Hashmi F, Abdullah NA, Johns EJ. Impact of isoprenaline and caffeine on development of left ventricular hypertrophy and renal hemodynamic in Wistar Kyoto rats. Acta Pol Pharm 2015;72(5):1015-1026. PMID: 26665409","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0236"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41. Pugsley MK, Hayes ES, Wang WQ, Walker MJA. Ventricular arrhythmia incidence in the rat is reduced by naloxone. Pharmacol Res 2015;97:64-69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.04.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.04.011"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42. Konopelski P, Ufnal M. Electrocardiography in rats: a comparison to human. Physiol Res 2016;65(5):717-725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.933270","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933270"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43. Comerma-Steffensen SG, Carvacho I, Hedegaard ER, Simonsen U. Small and intermediate calcium-activated potassium channel openers improve rat endothelial and erectile function. Front Pharmacol 2017;8: article number 660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2017.00660","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00660"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44. Pezolato VA, MascarinAL, Ferreira RB, Dias R, Silva CA. Acompanhamento eletrocardiogr\u00e1fico no desenvolvimento de ratos Wistar Eletrocardiographic monitoring in the development of Wistar Rats. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2017;69(01):39-47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-4162-7880","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-7880"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"45. Wang S, Cheng ZY, Chen XJ, Xue HZ. Ulinastatin protects rats with myocardial infarction by activating Nrf2\/NOS pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018;22(24):8990-8998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_201812_16670"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46. Chen XY, Guo HC, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu HL, Zhang XF, Xie, KR, Zhu ZN, Miao QF, Su S. Protective effect of berberine on aconite induced myocardial injury and the associated mechanisms. Mol Med Rep 2018;18(5):4468-4476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2018.9476","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9476"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"47. Huang XW, Pan MD, Du PH, Wang LX. Arginase-2 protects myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via NF-kappa B\/TNF-alpha pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018;22(19):6529-6537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_201810_16067"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48. Abdulsalam TM, Hasanin AH, Mohamed RH, Badawy AELS. Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitior (thiorphan\/irbesartan) decreased ischemia-reperfusion induced ventricular arrhythmias in rat; in vivo study. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173295"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Kralova E, Mokran T, Murin J, Stankovicova T. Electrocardiography in two models of isoproterenol-induced left ventricular remodeling. Physiol Res 2008;57,suppl 2:583-589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.931556","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931556"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50. Kralova E, Racanska E, Vicenova A, Boselova I, Malik I, Stankovicova T. Pharmacological evaluation of the effects of phenylcarbamic acid derivatives on cardiovascular functions in rats. Acta Pharm 2018;68(4):507-515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/acph-2018-0034","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2018-0034"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51. Maciel NR, Reis PG, Kato KC, Vidal AT, Guimaraes HN, Frezard F, Silva-Barcellos NM, Grabe-Guimaraes A. Reduced cardiovascular alterations of tartar emetic administered in long-circulating liposomes in rats. Toxicol Let 2010;199(3):234-238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.09.004"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"52. Joukar S. Electrocardiogram alterations following one-week consumption of crocus sativus l. (Saffron). EXCLI J 2012;11:480-486. PMID: 27418921"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53. Joukar S, Ghorbani-Shahrbabaki S, Hajali V, Sheibani V, Naghsh N. Susceptibility to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in an animal model of paradoxical sleep deprivation. Sleep Med 2013;14(12):1277-1282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.07.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.07.008"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54. Klimas J, Vaja V, Vercinska M, Kyselovic J, Krenek P. Discrepant regulation of QT (QTc) interval duration by calcium channel blockade and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in experimental hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012;111(4):279-288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2012.00901.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2012.00901.x"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55. Elsherbiny NM, Salama MF, Said E, El-Sherbiny M, Al-Gayyar MMH. Crocin protects against doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats through down-regulation of inflammatory and apoptic pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2016;247:39-48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.01.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.03.001"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56. Raji-Amirhasani A, Joukar S, Naderi-Boldaji V, Bejeshk MA. Mild exercise along with limb blood-flow restriction modulates the electrocardiogram, angiotensin, and apelin receptors of the heart in aging rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2018;21(6):558-563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/IJBMS.2018.24796.6165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.08.015"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57. Rahmanifard M, Vessal M, Noorafshan A, Karbalay-Doust S, Naseh M. The protective effects of coenzyme Q10 and lisinopril against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A Stereological and electrocardiogram study. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021;21(11):936\u2013946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12012-021-09685-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-021-09685-8"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58. El-Marasy SA, El-Awdan SA, Hassan A, Abdallah HMI. Cardioprotective effect of thymol against adrenaline-induced myocardial injury in rats. Heliyon 2020;6(7): e04431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04431"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59. Haydari S, Nazari A, Moghimian M, Sedighi M, Ghaderpour S. Cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Echinophora cinerea against aluminum phosphide poisoning in rats. J Food Biochem 2020;44:e13300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfbc.13300","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13300"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"60. Mao PR, Jamali F. Methoxyflurane anesthesia augments the chronotropic and dromotropic effects of verapamil. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 1999;2(1):30-35. www.ualberta.ca\/~csps"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61. Regan CP, Cresswell HK, Zhang R, Lynch JJ. Novel method to assess cardiac electrophysiology in the rat: characterization of standard ion channel blockers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005;46(1):68-75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.fjc.0000162774.86780.9d","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000162774.86780.9d"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62. Trindade DC, Trindade RC, Marassi MP, Martins OPPR, Costa-E-Sousa RH, Mattos EC, Marinho A,Jr, Reis LC, Olivares EL. Role of renin-angiotensin system in development of heart failure induced by myocardial infarction in rats. An Acad Bras Cienc 2007;79(2):251-259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0001-37652007000200008","DOI":"10.1590\/s0001-37652007000200008"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63. Yenisehirli A, Naseri E. Omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole had no effect on blood pressure and electrocardiogram of anesthetized rat. Pharmacol Res 2008;58(1):65-71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.06.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.06.012"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64. Parasuraman S, Raveendran R, Selvaraj RJ. Effects of cleistanthins A and B on blood pressure and electrocardiogram in Wistar rats. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2011;66(11-12):581-587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/znc-2011-11-1207","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2011-11-1207"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65. Kannan M, Quine SD. Ellagic acid ameliorates isoproterenol induced oxidative stress: Evidence from electrocardiological, biochemical and histological study. Eur J Pharmacol 2011;659(1):45-52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.02.037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.02.037"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66. Mutiso SK, Rono DK, Bukachi F. Relationship between anthropometric measures and early electrocardiographic changes in obese rats. BMC Res Notes 2014;7:931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-0500-7-93","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-931"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67. Selcuk EB, Sungu M, Parlakpinar H, Ermis N, Taslidere E, Vard, N, Yalcinsoy M, Sagir M, Polat A, Karatas M, Kayhan-Tetik B. Evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of varenicline in rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015;9:5705-5717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S92268","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s92268"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"68. Binu P, Priya N, Abhilash S, Vineetha RC, Nair RH. Studies on curative efficacy of monoterpene eugenol on anti- leukemic drug arsenic trioxide induced cardiotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;91:559-566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.04.087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.04.087"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"69. Bora S, Erdogan MA, Yigitturk G, Erbas O, Parlak I. The effects of lipid emulsion, magnesium sulphate and metoprolol in amitriptyline-induced cardiovascular toxicity in rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018;18(6): 547-556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12012-018-9466-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-018-9466-y"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"70. Pi\u015fkin \u00d6, H Ayo\u011flu H. Effects of remifentanil pretreatment on bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018;18(1):56-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12012-017-9413-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-017-9413-3"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"71. Arini PD, Liberczuk S, Mendieta JG, Santa Mar\u00eda M, Bertr\u00e1n GC. Electrocardiogram delineation in a Wistar rat experimental model. Comput Math Methods Med 2018;2018(3):1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2185378","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2185378"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72. Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Badavi M, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A. The effects of trimetazidine on QT-interval prolongation and cardiac hypertrophy in diabetic rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019;112(2):173-178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/abc.20180248","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20180248"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"73. Sohrabi F, Dianat M, Badavi M, Radan M, Mard SA. Does gallic acid improve cardiac function by attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation in an elastase-induced lung injury?. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2020;23:1130-1138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/ijbms.2020.46427.10721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14513-1"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"74. Boarescu PM, Boarescu I, Bulboac\u0103 AE, Bocsan IC, Pop RM, Gheban D, R\u00e2jnoveanu RM, R\u00e2jnoveanu A, Rosian SH, Buzoianu AD, Bolboac\u0103 SD. Multi-organ protective effects of curcumin nanoparticles on drug-induced acute myocardial infarction in rats with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Appl Sci 2021;11:5497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11125497","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125497"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75. Miranda A, Costa-e-Sousa RH, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Mattos EC, Olivares EL, Ribeiro VP, Silva MG, Goldenberg RC, Campos-de-Carvalho AC: Time course of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters in myocardial infarct in rats. An Acad Bras Cienc 2007;79:639-648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0001-37652007000400006","DOI":"10.1590\/s0001-37652007000400006"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"76. Ketabchi F, Sepehrinezhad A, Dehghanian A. The relationship between liver dysfunction, electrocardiographic abnormalities and metabolism in rat. J Clin Exp Cardiolog 2018;9(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-9880.1000610","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9880.1000610"},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"80. Ozturk A, Altug ME. Effects of repeated application of isoflurane and desflurane on electrocardiogram, anaesthesia induction, and recovery characteristics in rats. Bull Veter Inst Pulawy 2007;51(4):635-640."},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"81. Rey M, Weber E, Hess PD. Simultaneous pulmonary and systemic blood pressure and ECG interval measurement in conscious, freely moving rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2012;51(2):231-238. PMC3314527"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"82. Jiang M, Murias JM, Chrones T, Sims SM, Lui E, Noble EG. American ginseng acutely regulates contractile function of rat heart. Front Pharmacol 2014;5: article number UNSP 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2014.00043","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00043"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83. Imoto K, Hirakawa M, Okada M, Yamawaki H. Canstatin modulates L-type calcium channel activity in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018;499(4):954-959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.04.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.04.026"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"84. Lin CC , Hsu KH, Shih CP, Chang GJ. Hemodynamic and electromechanical effects of paraquat in rat heart. Plos One 2021;1\/19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234591"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85. Buschmann G, Schumacher W, Budden R, K\u00fchl UG: Evaluation of the effect of dopamine and other catecholamines on the electrocardiogram and blood pressure of rats by means of on-line biosignal processing. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1980;2:777-795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005344-198011000-00008","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198011000-00008"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86. Chaswal M, Das S, Prasad J, Katyal A, Fahim M. Chemical sympathectomy restores baroreceptor-heart rate reflex and heart rate variability in rats with chronic nitric oxide deficiency. Physiol Res 2015;64(4):459-466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.932804","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932804"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"87. Aydin B, Hocaoglu N, Micili SC, Ergur BU, Kalkan S. Effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on cardiovascular signs of amitriptyline poisoning in a rat model. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2016;16(4):374-380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12012-015-9349-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-015-9349-4"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"88. Emeka PM, Al-Ahmed A. Effect of metformin on ECG, HR and BP of rats administered with cardiotoxic agent doxorubicin. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2017;6(5):1054-1059. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20171656","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20171656"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89. Younis NS, Al Ahmed A, Al Mulhim N, AlGarni AA, Madu EP. Exenatide attenuation of cardiac rhythm abnormalities and blood pressure changes induced by doxorubicin in rats. Int J Pharmacol 2017;13(8):1098-1102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/ijp.2017.1098.1102","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2017.1098.1102"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"90. Sharma S, Khan V, Najmi AK, Alam O, Haque SE. Prophylactic treatment with icariin prevents isoproterenol-induced myocardial oxidative stress via nuclear factor-like 2 activation. Pharm Mag 2018, suupl. S, 14(55), S227-S236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/pm.pm_469_17","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_469_17"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"91. Bozdogan O,Bozcaarmutlu A, Kaya ST, Sapmaz C,Ozarslan TO, Eksioglu D, Yasar S. Decreasing myocardial estrogen receptors and antioxidant activity may be responsible for increasing ischemia- and reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmia in older female rats. Life Sciences 2021;271:119190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119190"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"92. Gohma H, Kuramoto T, Kuwamura M, Okajima R, Tanimoto N, Yamasaki K, Nakanishi S, Kitada K, Makiyama T, Akao M, Kita T, Sasa M, Serikawa T. WTC deafness Kyoto (dfk): a rat model for extensive investigations of Kcnq1 functions. Physiol Genomics 2006;24:198 \u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00221.2005","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00221.2005"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"93. Mamalyga ML. Heart rate regulation at different levels of convulsive readiness. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013;155(4):425-428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10517-013-2168-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-013-2168-3"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"94. Adeyemi O, Parker N, Pointon A, Rolf M. A pharmacological characterization of electrocardiogram PR and QRS intervals in conscious telemetered rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 2020;102: article Number: 106679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vascn.2020.106679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2020.106679"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"95. Hamdy DA, Brocks DR. Experimental hyperlipidemia causes an increase in the electrocardiographic changes associated with amiodarone. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009;53:1-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/FJC.0b013e31819359d1","DOI":"10.1097\/fjc.0b013e31819359d1"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"96. Patel JP, Brocks DR. Effect of experimental hyperlipidaemia on the electrocardiographic effects of repeated doses of halofantrine in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2010;161(6):1427\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00983.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00983.x"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"97. Machidal K, Dol K, Kaburaki M, Sugano S. Electrocardiographical findings of WBN\/Kob rats. Lab Anim 1990;24(3):288-291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/002367790780866155","DOI":"10.1258\/002367790780866155"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"98. Van Buren T, Schiereck P, De Ruiter GJW, Gispen WH, De Wildt DJ. Vagal efferent control of electrical properties of the heart in experimental diabetes. Acta Diabetol 1998;35(1):19-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s005920050096","DOI":"10.1007\/s005920050096"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"99. Lee JK, Nishiyama A, Kambe F, Seo H, Takeuchi S, Kamiya K, Kodama I, Toyama J. Downregulation of voltage-gated K+ channels in rat heart with right ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1999;277(5):H1725-H1731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.277.5.H1725","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.277.5.h1725"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"100. Barrett TD, Hayes ES, Yong SL, Zolotoy AB, Abraham S, Walker MJA. Ischaemia selectivity confers efficacy for suppression of ischaemia-induced arrhythmias in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;398(3):365-374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00295-8","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(00)00295-8"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"101. Ghelfi E, Ramos-Rhoden C, Wellenius GA, Lawrence J, Gonzalez-Flecha B. Cardiac oxidative stress and electrophysiological changes in rats exposed to concentrated ambient particles are mediated by TRP-dependent pulmonary reflexes. Toxicol Sci 2008;102(2):328-336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn005","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn005"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"102. Lin MT, Liu HH, Yang YL. Involvement of interleukin-1 receptor mechanisms in development of arterial hypotension in rat heatstroke. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1997;273(4):H2072-H2077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.4.H2072","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.4.h2072"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"103. Jain PG, Mahajan UB, Shinde SD, Surana SJ. Cardioprotective role of FA against isoproterenol induced cardiac toxicity. Mol Biol Rep 2018;45(5):1357-1365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-018-4297-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-4297-2"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"104. Regan CP, Stump GL, Wallace AA, Anderson KD, McIntyre CJ, Liverton NJ, Lynch Jr. JJ. In vivo cardiac electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects of an isoquinoline IKur blocker, ISQ-1, in rat, dog, and nonhuman primate. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007;49(4):236-245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3180325b2a","DOI":"10.1097\/fjc.0b013e3180325b2a"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"105. Medeiros DM, Shiry LJ, McCune SA. Marginal copper intakes over a protracted period in genetically and nongenetically susceptible heart disease rats disturb electrocardiograms and enhance lipid deposition. Nutrition Res 2005;25(7):663-372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2005.07.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2005.07.005"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"106. Medei E, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Pereira-Junior PP, Leopoldo AS, Campos, DHS, Raimundo JM, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G, Bruder-Nascimento T, Cordellini S, Nascimento JHM, Cicogna AC. Could a high-fat diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids impair the cardiovascular system? Can J Cardiol 2010;26(10):542-548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0828-282X(10)70469-4","DOI":"10.1016\/s0828-282x(10)70469-4"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"107. Milliez P, Deangelis N, Rucker-Martin C, Leenhardt A, Vicaut E, Robidel E, Beaufils P, Delcayre C, Hatem SN. Spironolactone reduces fibrosis of dilated atria during heart failure in rats with myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2005;26(20):2193-2199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi478","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi478"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"108. Haugan K, Lam HR, Knudsen CB, Petersen JS. Atrial fibrillation in rats induced by rapid transesophageal atrial pacing during brief episodes of asphyxia: a new in vivo model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004;44(1):125-135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005344-200407000-00017","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200407000-00017"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"109. Nattel S, Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Brundel BJ, Rivard L. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: lessons from animal models. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;48:9-28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcad.2005.06.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2005.06.002"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"110. Panoulas VF, Toms TE, Douglas KMJ. Sandoo A, Metsios GS, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Kitas G. Prolonged QTc interval predicts all-cause mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an association driven by high inflammatory burden. Rheumatology 2014;53(1):131-137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket338","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket338"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"111. Rossing P, Breum L, Major-Pedersen A ,Sato A, Winding H, Pietersen A, Kastrup J, Parving HH. Prolonged QTc interval predicts mortality in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 2001;18(3):199-205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00446.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00446.x"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"112. Van Noord C, Eijgelsjeim M, Stricker BHC. Drug- and non-drug-associated QT interval prolongation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;70(1):16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03660.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03660.x"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"113. Shamala S, Krishna KL. Cardioprotective activity of fruit extracts of momordica dioca roxb on doxorubicin induced toxicity on rats. Sci Int 2013;1(12):392-400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17311\/sciintl.2013.392.400","DOI":"10.17311\/sciintl.2013.392.400"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"114. Badole SL, Jangam GB, Chaudhari SM. Ghule AE, Yanvar AA. L-glutamine supplementation prevents the development of experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. PloS One 2014;9:e92697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092697"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"115. Cagiltay E, Pouwels S, Erbas O, Taskiran D, Tas SK, Aslan I. The prophylactic effects of metoprolol, diltiazem, and pilocarpine on hypoglycemia induced prolongation of QT interval. Cureus 2021;13(3): e14058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.14058","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14058"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"116. Sultan F, Kaur R, Mir AH, Maqbool I, Lonare M, Singh D, Rampal S, Dar JA. Rosuvastatin and retinoic acid may act as pleiotropic agents\u2019 against \u03b2-adrenergic agonist-induced acute myocardial injury through modulation of multiple signalling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2020;318:108970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.108970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.108970"}],"container-title":["Physiological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T11:13:25Z","timestamp":1727176405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biomed.cas.cz\/physiolres\/pdf\/2022\/71_177.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.934848","relation":{},"ISSN":["1802-9973","0862-8408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1802-9973","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0862-8408","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}}}