{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T14:34:00Z","timestamp":1708698840777},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR) and arterio-venous O2 difference (a\uf02dvO2diff) responses to heavy and severe-intensity exercise have been well documented; however, there is a lack of information on the SV, HR and a\uf02dvO2diff responses of work rates within extreme exercise domain. The aim of this study was, therefore, to focus on central and peripheral components of V\u0307O2 responses to exercises performed within the heavy, severe and extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. Maximal O2 consumption (V\u0307O2max) and corresponding work rate (P@V\u0307O2max) were determined by multisession constant work rate exercises. Cardiovascular responses to exercises were evaluated by nitrous-oxide rebreathing method with work rates from 40 % to 160 % of P@V\u0307O2max, V\u0307O2max corresponded to 324\u00b139.4 W; however, maximal SV responses occurred at 205\u00b154.3 W (p&lt;0.01). Maximal cardiac output (Q), HR, and a\uf02dvO2diff responses were revealed by the P@V\u0307O2max. V\u0307O2 response to exercise significantly decreased from severe-intense exercises to the first work rate of extreme exercise domain due to significant decreases in Q, SV, and HR responses (p&lt;0.05), except a\uf02dvO2diff (p&gt;0.05). Moreover, non-significant decreases in Q, SV, and a\uf02dvO2diff were evaluated as response to increase in work rate belonging to extreme work rates (p&gt;0.05), except the HR (p&lt;0.05). Work rates within the lower district of the extreme exercise domain have an important potential to improve peripheral component of V\u0307O2, while the P@V\u0307O2max seems the most appropriate intensity for aerobic endurance development as it maximizes the central component of V\u0307O2max.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T13:35:54Z","timestamp":1689255354000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular Responses of Exercises Performed Within the Extreme Exercise Domain"],"prefix":"10.33549","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Gures","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n, Republic of T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Colakoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Republic of T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Ozkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Republic of T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"As","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Health Sciences, Institution of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Republic of T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Balci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Republic of T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"19169","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.\tBurnley M, Jones AM. Oxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2007;7:63-79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461390701456148","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390701456148"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.\tBurnley M, Jones AM. Power-duration relationship: Physiology, fatigue, and the limits of human performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2018;18:1-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2016.1249524","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2016.1249524"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.\tGaesser GA, Poole DC. The slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1996;24:35-70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/00003677-199600240-00004","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199600240-00004"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.\tBeneke R, Duvillard SPV. Determination of maximal lactate steady state response in selected sports events. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:241-246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199602000-00013","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199602000-00013"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.\tCaputo F, Denadai BS. The highest intensity and the shortest duration permitting attainment of maximal oxygen uptake during cycling: effects of different methods and aerobic fitness level. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;103:47-57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0670-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0670-5"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.\tTurnes T, de Aguiar RA, de Oliveira Cruz RS, Caputo F. Interval training in the boundaries of severe domain: effects on aerobic parameters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016;116:161-169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-015-3263-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3263-0"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.\tBalci GA, As H, Ozkaya O. Sigmoidal VO2 on-kinetics: A new pattern in VO2 responses at the lower district of extreme exercise domain. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020;281:103507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103507"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.\tNorouzi M, Cabuk R, Balci GA, As H, Ozkaya O. Assessing acute responses to exercises performed within and at the upper boundary of severe exercise domain. Res Q Exerc Sport 2022:1-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2022.2117268","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2022.2117268"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9.\tHill DW, Poole DC, Smith JC. The relationship between power and the time to achieve VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:709-714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/00005768-200204000-00023","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200204000-00023"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"10.\tHill DW, Stevens EC. VO2 response profiles in severe intensity exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005;45:239-247."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.\tVella CA, Robergs RA. A review of the stroke volume response to upright exercise in healthy subjects. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:190-195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013037","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013037"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.\tColakoglu M, Ozkaya O, Balci GA, Yapicioglu B. Shorter intervals at peak SV vs.V\u0307O2max may yield high SV with less physiological stress. Eur J Sport Sci 2015;15:623-630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2014.966762","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.966762"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.\tRacinais S, Cocking S, P\u00e9riard JD. Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up. Temperature 2017;4:227-257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23328940.2017.1356427","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2017.1356427"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.\tTabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M, Hirai Y, Ogita F, Miyachi M, Yamamoto K. Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:1327-1330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00018","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.\tBuchheit M, Laursen PB. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: Cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Med 2013;43:313-338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.\tMacInnis MJ, Gibala MJ. Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J Physiol 2017;595:2915-2930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP273196","DOI":"10.1113\/jp273196"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17.\tBillat LV. Interval training for performance: a scientific and empirical practice. Sports Med 2001;31:13-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200131010-00002","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131010-00002"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.\tTurner AP, Cathcart AJ, Parker ME, Butterworth C, Wilson J, Ward SA. Oxygen uptake and muscle desaturation kinetics during intermittent cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:492-503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000188450.82733.f0","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000188450.82733.f0"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.\tWen D, Utesch T, Wu J, Robertson S, Liu J, Hu G, Chen H. Effects of different protocols of high intensity interval training for VO2max improvements in adults: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Sci Med Sport 2019;22:941-947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.01.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.01.013"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.\tAstorino TA, Thum JS. Response: Commentary: Why sprint interval training is inappropriate for a largely sedentary population. Front Psychol 2016;7:746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00746","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00746"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"21.\tVella CA, Robergs RA. Non-linear relationships between central cardiovascular variables and VO2 during incremental cycling exercise in endurance-trained individuals. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005;45:452-459."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.\tDaussin FN, Zoll J, Dufour SP, Ponsot E, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Doutreleau S, Mettauer B. Effect of interval versus continuous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008;295:R264-R272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00875.2007","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00875.2007"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.\tLepr\u00eatre PM, Lopes P, Koralzstein JP, Billat V. Heavy cycling exercise at fixed heart rate prevent the decline of stroke volume and delay time to exhaustion in trained adolescents. Sci Sports 2017;32:29-35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scispo.2016.07.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2016.07.009"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.\tWarburton DER, Gledhill N. Counterpoint: Stroke volume does not decline during exercise at maximal effort in healthy individuals. J Appl Physiol 2008;104:276-278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00595.2007a","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00595.2007a"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.\tAgostoni P, Cattadori G, Apostolo A, Contini M, Palermo P, Marenzi G, Wasserman K. Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output during exercise by inert gas rebreathing technique: A new tool for heart failure evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1779-1781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.005"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.\tFontana P, Boutellier U, Toigo M. Reliability of measurements with innocor(TM) during exercise. Int J Sports Med 2009;30:747-753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0029-1225340","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1225340"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27.\tBalci GA, As H, Ozkaya O, Colakoglu M. Development potentials of commonly used high-intensity training strategies on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022;302:103910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2022.103910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2022.103910"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"28.\tFick A. Die Welt Als Vorstellung: Academischer Vortrag. Stahel, 1870, 16 p."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.\tHowley ET, Bassett DR, Welch HG. Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: Review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:1292-1301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/00005768-199509000-00009","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199509000-00009"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30.\tKouwijzer I, Valize M, Valent LJM, Comtesse PGP, van der Woude LHV, de Groot S. The influence of protocol design on the identification of ventilatory thresholds and the attainment of peak physiological responses during synchronous arm crank ergometry in able-bodied participants. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019;119:2275-2286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-019-04211-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04211-9"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.\tKeir D, Iannetta D, Mattioni Maturana F, Kowalchuk J, Murias J. Identification of non-invasive exercise thresholds: Methods, strategies, and an online app. Sports Med 2021;52:1-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01581-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01581-z"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.\tBlack MI, Jones AM, Blackwell JR, Bailey SJ, Wylie LJ, McDonagh STJ, Thompson C, ET Al. Muscle metabolic and neuromuscular determinants of fatigue during cycling in different exercise intensity domains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017;122:446-459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00942.2016","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00942.2016"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33.\tJones AM, Burnley M, Black MI, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A. The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the 'gold standard'. Physiol Rep 2019;7:e14098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.14098","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14098"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.\tOzkaya O, Balci GA, As H, Cabuk R, Norouzi M. Grey zone: a gap between heavy and severe exercise domain. J Strength Cond Res 2022;36:113-120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003427","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003427"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35.\tWassertheil S, Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Biometrics 1970;26:588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2529115","DOI":"10.2307\/2529115"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36.\tTrump ME, Heigenhauser GJ, Putman CT, Spriet LL. Importance of muscle phosphocreatine during intermittent maximal cycling. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:1574-1580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.5.1574","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.5.1574"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37.\tDelp MD. Differential effects of training on the control of skeletal muscle perfusion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:361-374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199803000-00005","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199803000-00005"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38.\tLepretre PM, Koralsztein JP, Billat VL. Effect of exercise intensity on relationship between VO2max and cardiac output. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:1357-1363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000135977.12456.8F","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000135977.12456.8f"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.\tMcCole SD, Davis AM, Fueger PT. Is there a disassociation of maximal oxygen consumption and maximal cardiac output? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1265-1269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200108000-00004","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200108000-00004"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.\tColakoglu M, Ozkaya O, Balci GA, Yapicioglu B. Stroke volume responses may be related to the gap between peak and maximal O2 consumption. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2016;24:133-139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/IES-160610","DOI":"10.3233\/ies-160610"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41.\tCoyle EF, Trinity JD. Last word on point:counterpoint: stroke volume does\/does not decline during exercise at maximal effort in healthy individuals. J Appl Physiol 2008;104:282-283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01073.2007","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01116.2007"}],"container-title":["Physiological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T13:36:02Z","timestamp":1689255362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.biomed.cas.cz\/physiolres\/pdf\/2023\/72_319.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1802-9973","0862-8408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1802-9973","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0862-8408","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}