{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:29:18Z","timestamp":1784543358319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","issue":"Suppl. 5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain injury is a multifaceted condition arising from nonspecific damage to nervous tissue. The resulting cognitive developmental impairments reverberate through patients' lives, affecting their families, and even the broader economic landscape. The significance of early brain injury detection lies in its potential to stave off severe consequences and enhance the effectiveness of tailored therapeutic interventions. While established methods like neuroimaging and neurophysiology serve as valuable diagnostic tools, their demanding nature restricts their accessibility, particularly in scenarios such as small hospitals, nocturnal or weekend shifts, and cases involving unstable patients. Hence, there is a pressing need for more accessible and efficient diagnostic avenues. Among the spectrum of brain injuries, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy stands out as a predominant affliction in the pediatric population. Diagnosing brain injuries in newborns presents challenges due to the subjective nature of assessments like Apgar scores and the inherent uncertainty in neurological examinations. In this context, methods like magnetic resonance and ultrasound hold recommendations for more accurate diagnosis. Recognizing the potential of serum biomarkers derived from blood samples, this paper underscores their promise as a more expedient and resource-efficient means of assessing brain injuries. The review compiles current insights into serum biomarkers, drawing from experiments conducted on animal models as well as human brain pathologies. The authors aim to elucidate specific characteristics, temporal profiles, and the available corpus of experimental and clinical data for serum biomarkers specific to brain injuries. These include neuron-specific enolase (NSE), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), S100 calcium-binding protein beta (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and high-mobility-group-protein-box-1 (HMGB1). This comprehensive endeavor contributes to advancing the understanding of brain injury diagnostics and potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T11:12:58Z","timestamp":1706699578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serum Biomarkers Of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.33549","author":[{"given":"A","family":"TEFR FARIDOV\u00c1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"HE\u0158MAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160","family":"DANA\u010c\u00cdKOV\u00c1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"SVOBODA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"OT\u00c1HAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19169","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1.\tWilde EA, Wanner IB, Kenney K, Gill J, Stone JR, Disner S, Schnakers C, ET AL. A Framework to Advance Biomarker Development in the Diagnosis, Outcome Prediction, and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022;39:436-457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0099","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0099"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2.\tRobb MA, McInnes PM, Califf RM. Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints: Developing Common Terminology and Definitions. JAMA 2016;315:1107-1108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.2240","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2240"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3.\tRichter S, Winzeck S, Czeiter E, Amrein K, Kornaropoulos EN, Verheyden J, Sugar G, ET AL. Serum biomarkers identify critically ill traumatic brain injury patients for MRI. Crit Care 2022;26:369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-022-04250-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04250-3"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.\tHerrera CA, Silver RM. Perinatal Asphyxia from the Obstetric Standpoint: Diagnosis and Interventions. Clin Perinatol 2016;43:423-438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clp.2016.04.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.04.003"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.\tGururaj A, Sztriha L, Dawodu A, Nath KR, Varady E, Nork M, Haas D. CT and MR patterns of hypoxic ischemic brain damage following perinatal asphyxia. J Trop Pediatr 2002;48:5-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/48.1.5","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/48.1.5"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.\tMcDonald BC, Saykin AJ, McAllister TW. Functional MRI of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): progress and perspectives from the first decade of studies. Brain Imaging Behav 2012;6:193-207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-012-9173-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9173-4"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7.\tAlderliesten T, de Vries LS, Staats L, van Haastert IC, Weeke L, Benders MJ, Koopman-Esseboom C, Groenendaal F. MRI and spectroscopy in (near) term neonates with perinatal asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2017;102:F147-F152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310514","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310514"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8.\tRold\u00e1n M, Kyriacou PA. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Sensors (Basel). 2021;21:1586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21051586","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051586"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9.\tSarnat HB, Sarnat MS. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study. Arch Neurol 1976;33:696-705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.\tBustamante-Herv\u00e1s C, Valverde E, Vega-Del-Val C, Schuffelmann S, Arnaez J. Inter-observer reliability for amplitude-integrated EEG in the newborn with perinatal asphyxia. (In Spanish) An Pediatr (Engl Ed) 2021:S1695-4033(21)00116-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anpedi.2021.01.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2021.01.014"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11.\tLacan L, Betrouni N, Lamblin MD, Chaton L, Delval A, Bourriez JL, Storme L, Derambure P, NguyenThe Tich S. Quantitative approach to early neonatal EEG visual analysis in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy severity: Bridging the gap between eyes and machine. Neurophysiol Clin 2021;51:121-131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.12.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.12.003"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.\tKamino D, Almazrooei A, Pang EW, Widjaja E, Moore AM, Chau V, Tam EWY. Abnormalities in evoked potentials associated with abnormal glycemia and brain injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2021;132:307-313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.09.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.09.024"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.\tLori S, Bertini G, Bastianelli ME, Gabbanini S, Cossu C, Mortilla M, Dani C. Continuous somatosensory evoked potentials and brain injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022;64:1123-1130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15190","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15190"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.\tJiang ZD, Xu X, Yin R, Shao XM, Wilkinson AR. Differential changes in peripheral and central components of the brain stem auditory evoked potentials during the neonatal period in term infants after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2004;113:571-576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000348940411300711","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411300711"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.\tGong X, Zhang H, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu J, Fapohunda FO, L\u00fc P, Wang K, Tang M. Is liquid biopsy mature enough for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2022;14:977999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.977999","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.977999"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.\tTakano R, Misu T, Takahashi T, Sato S, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y. Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 2010;75:208-216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e2414b","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e3181e2414b"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.\tMassaro AN, Wu YW, Bammler TK, Comstock B, Mathur A, McKinstry RC, Chang T, ET AL. Plasma Biomarkers of Brain Injury in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. J Pediatr 2018;194:67-75.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.10.060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.10.060"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.\tDepoorter A, Neumann RP, Barro C, Fisch U, Weber P, Kuhle J, Wellmann S. Neurofilament Light Chain: Blood Biomarker of Neonatal Neuronal Injury. Front Neurol 2018;9:984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00984","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00984"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.\tNakamura T, Asanuma H, Kusuda S, Imai K, Hosono S, Kato R, Suzuki S, ET AL. Multicenter study for brain\/body hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Changes in HMGB-1. Pediatr Int 2017;59:1074-1079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ped.13377","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13377"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.\tYan XJ, Zhan CP, Lv Y, Mao DD, Zhou RC, Xv YM, Yu GF. Utility of serum nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 as a potential prognostic biomarker of severe traumatic brain injury in adults: A prospective cohort study. Front Neurol 2022;13:1013062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1013062","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1013062"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21.\tCho KHT, Xu B, Blenkiron C, Fraser M. Emerging Roles of miRNAs in Brain Development and Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Physiol 2019;10:227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2019.00227","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00227"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.\tWatson CN, Belli A, Di Pietro V. Small Non-coding RNAs: New Class of Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Genet 2019;10:364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2019.00364","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00364"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.\tMathew JL, Kaur N, Dsouza JM. Therapeutic hypothermia in neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2022;12:04030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.12.04030","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04030"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.\tAyres-de-Campos D, Spong CY, Chandraharan E; FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;131:13-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.020"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.\tGhi T, Eggeb\u00f8 T, Lees C, Kalache K, Rozenberg P, Youssef A, Salomon LJ, Tutschek B. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;52:128-139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.19072","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19072"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26.\tAmerican Academy Of Pediatrics Committee On Fetus And Newborn; American College Of Obstetricians And Gynecologists Committee On Obstetric Practice. The Apgar Score. Pediatrics 2015;136:819-822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2651","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0325"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27.\tLocatelli A, Lambicchi L, Incerti M, Bonati F, Ferdico M, Malguzzi S, Torcasio F, ET AL. Is perinatal asphyxia predictable? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-020-02876-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-02876-1"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28.\tGaneshalingham A, Beca J. Serum biomarkers in severe paediatric traumatic brain injury-a narrative review. Transl Pediatr 2021;10:2720-2737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp-20-386","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-386"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.\tRiljak V, Kraf J, Daryanani A, Jiru\u0161ka P, Ot\u00e1hal J. Pathophysiology of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy - biomarkers, animal models and treatment perspectives. Physiol Res 2016;65(Suppl 5):S533-S545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.933541","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933541"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30.\tMichetti F, Corvino V, Geloso MC, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C, Serpero L, Gazzolo D. The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress. J Neurochem 2012;120:644-659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.\tLee Y, Lee BH, Yip W, Chou P, Yip BS. Neurofilament Proteins as Prognostic Biomarkers in Neurological Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020;25:4560-4569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1381612825666191210154535","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666191210154535"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"32.\tP\u00e5hlman S, Esscher T, Bergvall P, Odelstad L. Purification and characterization of human neuron-specific enolase: radioimmunoassay development. Tumour Biol 1984;5:127-139."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33.\tThelin EP, Zeiler FA, Ercole A, Mondello S, B\u00fcki A, Bellander BM, Helmy A, Menon DK, Nelson DW. Serial Sampling of Serum Protein Biomarkers for Monitoring Human Traumatic Brain Injury Dynamics: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2017;8:300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.\tBrophy GM, Mondello S, Papa L, Robicsek SA, Gabrielli A, Tepas J, Buki A, ET AL. Biokinetic Analysis of Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase-L1 UCH-L1 in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patient Biofluids. J Neurotrauma 2011:861-870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1564","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1564"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35.\tJessen KR, Thorpe R, Mirsky R. Molecular identity, distribution and heterogeneity of glial fibrillary acidic protein: an immunoblotting and immunohistochemical study of Schwann cells, satellite cells, enteric glia and astrocytes. J Neurocytol 1984;13:187-200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01148114","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01148114"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36.\tTripathi A, Shrinet K, Kumar A. HMGB1 protein as a novel target for cancer. Toxicol Rep 2019;6:253-261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.03.002"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37.\tIsgr\u00f2 MA, Bottoni P, Scatena R. Neuron-Specific Enolase as a Biomarker: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;867:125-143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-7215-0_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7215-0_9"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38.\tZaheer S, Beg M, Rizvi I, Islam N, Ullah E, Akhtar N. Correlation between serum neuron-specific enolase and functional neurological outcome in patients of acute ischemic stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013;16:504-508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-2327.120442","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.120442"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.\tBrea D, Sobrino T, Blanco M, Cristobo I, Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez R, Rodr\u00edguez-Ya\u00f1ez M, Moldes O, ET AL. Temporal profile and clinical significance of serum neuron-specific enolase and S100 in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:1513-1518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/CCLM.2009.337","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.2009.337"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.\tSavola O, Pyhtinen J, Leino TK, Siitonen S, Niemela O, Hillbom M. Effects of head and extracranial injuries on serum protein S100B levels in trauma patients. J Trauma 2004;56:1229-1234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.TA.0000096644.08735.72","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000096644.08735.72"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41.\tErcole A, Thelin EP, Holst A, Bellander BM, Nelson DW. Kinetic modelling of serum S100b after traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol 2016;16:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-016-0614-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0614-3"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42.\tZimmer DB, Van Eldik LJ. Tissue distribution of rat S100 alpha and S100 beta and S100-binding proteins. Am J Physiol 1987;252:C285-C289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.1987.252.3.C285","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1987.252.3.c285"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43.\tKapural M, Krizanac-Bengez L, Barnett G, Perl J, Masaryk T, Apollo D, Rasmussen P, Mayberg MR, Janigro D. Serum S-100beta as a possible marker of blood-brain barrier disruption. Brain Res 2002;940:102-104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02586-6","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(02)02586-6"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44.\tMichetti F, D'Ambrosi N, Toesca A, Puglisi MA, Serrano A, Marchese E, Corvino V, Geloso MC. The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury. J Neurochem 2019;148:168-187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.14574","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14574"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45.\tAnderson RE, Hansson LO, Nilsson O, Dijlai-Merzoug R, Settergren G. High serum S100B levels for trauma patients without head injuries. Neurosurgery 2001;48:1255-1258; Discussion 1258-1260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-200106000-00012","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-200106000-00012"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46.\tda Rocha AB, Schneider RF, de Freitas GR, Andr\u00e9 C, Grivicich I, Zanoni C, Foss\u00e1 A, ET AL. Role of serum S100B as a predictive marker of fatal outcome following isolated severe head injury or multitrauma in males. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1234-1242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/CCLM.2006.218","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.2006.218"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47.\tCalcagnile O, Anell A, Und\u00e9n J. The addition of S100B to guidelines for management of mild head injury is potentially cost saving. BMC Neurol 2016;16:200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-016-0723-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0723-z"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48.\tBheda A, Gullapalli A, Caplow M, Pagano JS, Shackelford J. Ubiquitin editing enzyme UCH L1 and microtubule dynamics: implication in mitosis. Cell Cycle 2010;9:980-994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/cc.9.5.10934","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.5.10934"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49.\tBishop P, Rocca D, Henley JM. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1): structure, distribution and roles in brain function and dysfunction. Biochem J 2016;473:2453-2462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BCJ20160082","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20160082"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50.\tPapa L, Ladde JG, O'Brien JF, Thundiyil JG, Tesar J, Leech S, Cassidy DD, ET AL. Evaluation of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers compared with clinical decision rules in assessing the need for computed tomography in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. JAMA Netw Open 2022;5:e221302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.1302","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.1302"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51.\tWang KK, Yang Z, Zhu T, Shi Y, Rubenstein R, Tyndall JA, Manley GT. An update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018;18:165-180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737159.2018.1428089","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1428089"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52.\tAbdelhak A, Foschi M, Abu-Rumeileh S, Yue JK, D'Anna L, Huss A, Oeckl P, ET AL. Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2022;18:158-172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53.\tThelin EP, Zeiler FA, Ercole A, Mondello S, B\u00fcki A, Bellander B-M, Helmy A, ET AL. Serial sampling of serum protein biomarkers for monitoring human traumatic brain injury dynamics: A systematic review. Front Neurol 2017;8:300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54.\tChen R, Kang R, Tang D. The mechanism of HMGB1 secretion and release. Exp Mol Med 2022;54:91-102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-022-00736-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00736-w"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55.\tMo J, Hu J, Cheng X. The role of high mobility group box 1 in neuroinflammatory related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023;161:114541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114541"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56.\tGougeon ML, Bras M. Natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and the alarmin high-mobility group box1 protein: a dangerous trio in HIV-1 infection? Curr. Opin HIV AIDS 2011;6:364-372 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0b013e328349b089","DOI":"10.1097\/coh.0b013e328349b089"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57.\tKwak MS, Kim HS, Lee B, Kim YH, Son M, Shin JS. Immunological Significance of HMGB1 Post-Translational Modification and Redox Biology. Front Immunol 2020;11:1189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01189","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01189"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58.\tPeltz ED, Moore EE, Eckels PC, Damle SS, Tsuruta Y, Johnson JL, Sauaia A, Silliman CC, Banerjee A, Abraham E. HMGB1 is markedly elevated within 6 hours of mechanical trauma in humans. Shock 2009;32:17-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181997173","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0b013e3181997173"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59.\tWang H, Bloom O, Zhang M, Vishnubhakat JM, Ombrellino M, Che J, Frazier A, ET AL. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. Science 1999;285:248-251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.285.5425.248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5425.248"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60.\tZandarashvili L, Sahu D, Lee K, Lee YS, Singh P, Rajarathnam K, Iwahara J. Real-time kinetics of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) oxidation in extracellular fluids studied by in situ protein NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2013;288:11621-11627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.449942","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m113.449942"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61.\tEvran S, Calis F, Akkaya E, Baran O, Cevik S, Katar S, Gurevin EG, ET AL. The effect of high mobility group box-1 protein on cerebral edema, blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress and apoptosis in an experimental traumatic brain injury model. Brain Res Bull 2020;154:68-80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.10.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.10.013"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62.\tWalker LE, Frigerio F, Ravizza T, Ricci E, Tse K, Jenkins RE, Sills GJ, ET AL. Molecular isoforms of high-mobility group box 1 are mechanistic biomarkers for epilepsy. J Clin Invest 2019;129:2166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI129285","DOI":"10.1172\/jci129285"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63.\tKama\u015fak T, Dilber B, Yaman S\u00d6, Durgut BD, Kurt T, \u00c7oban E, Arslan EA, ET AL. HMGB-1, TLR4, IL-1R1, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2: novel epilepsy markers? Epileptic Disord 2020;22:183-193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/epd.2020.1155","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1155"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64.\tZhu M, Chen J, Guo H, Ding L, Zhang Y, Xu Y. High Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1) and Interleukin-1\u03b2 as Prognostic Biomarkers of Epilepsy in Children. J Child Neurol 2018;33:909-917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073818801654","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818801654"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65.\tGyorgy A, Ling G, Wingo D, Walker J, Tong L, Parks S, Januszkiewicz A, Baumann R, Agoston DV. Time-dependent changes in serum biomarker levels after blast traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011;28:1121-1126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1561","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1561"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66.\tTownend W, Dibble C, Abid K, Vail A, Sherwood R, Lecky F. Rapid elimination of protein S-100B from serum after minor head trauma. J Neurotrauma 2006;23:149-155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.23.149","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.149"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67.\tRech TH, Vieira SR, Nagel F, Brauner JS, Scalco R. Serum neuron-specific enolase as early predictor of outcome after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a cohort study. Crit Care 2006;10:R133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc5046","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5046"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68.\tPapa L, Brophy GM, Welch RD, Lewis LM, Braga CF, Tan CN, Ameli NJ, ET AL. Time Course and Diagnostic Accuracy of Glial and Neuronal Blood Biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a Large Cohort of Trauma Patients With and Without Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Neurol 2016;73:551-560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0039","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0039"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69.\tPlog BA, Dashnaw ML, Hitomi E, Peng W, Liao Y, Lou N, Deane R, Nedergaard M. Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system. J Neurosci 2015;35:518-526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3742-14.2015","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3742-14.2015"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70.\tKapural M, Krizanac-Bengez LJ, Barnett G, Perl J, Masaryk T, Apollo D, Rasmussen P, Mayberg MR, Janigro D. Serum S-100beta as a possible marker of blood-brain barrier disruption. Brain Res 2002;940:102-104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02586-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02586-6"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71.\tUnd\u00e9n J, Ingebrigtsen T, Romner B, Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC). Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries in adults: an evidence and consensus-based update. BMC Med 2013;11:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-11-50","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-50"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72.\tBouvier D, Balayssac D, Durif J, Mourgues C, Sarret C, Pereira B, Sapin V. Assessment of the advantage of the serum S100B protein biomonitoring in the management of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury-PROS100B: protocol of a multicentre unblinded stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. BMJ Open 2019;9:e027365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027365"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73.\tGo H, Saito Y, Maeda H, Maeda R, Yaginuma K, Ogasawara K, Kashiwabara N, Kawasaki Y, Hosoya M. Serum cytokine profiling in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2021;14:177-182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/NPM-200431","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-200431"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74.\tChalak LF, S\u00e1nchez PJ, Adams-Huet B, Laptook AR, Heyne RJ, Rosenfeld CR. Biomarkers for severity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and outcomes in newborns receiving hypothermia therapy. J Pediatr 2014;164:468-74.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.10.067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.10.067"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75.\tDouglas-Escobar MV, Heaton SC, Bennett J, Young LJ, Glushakova O, Xu X, Barbeau DY, ET AL. UCH-L1 and GFAP Serum Levels in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Single Center Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2014;5:273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2014.00273","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00273"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76.\tZaigham M, Lundberg F, Olofsson P. Protein S100B in umbilical cord blood as a potential biomarker of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in asphyxiated newborns. Early Hum Dev 2017;112:48-53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.015"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77.\tZaigham M, Lundberg F, Hayes R, Und\u00e9n J, Olofsson P. Umbilical cord blood concentrations of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in neonates developing hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016;29:1822-1828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2015.1064108","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1064108"}],"container-title":["Physiological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T11:13:09Z","timestamp":1706699589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biomed.cas.cz\/physiolres\/pdf\/2023\/72_S461.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"references-count":77,"issue-title":["Physiological Days"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl. 5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1802-9973","0862-8408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1802-9973","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0862-8408","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]}}}