{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:44:41Z","timestamp":1788853481933,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects approximately 30 % of the world adult population and even contributes to the increased mortality from cardiovascular disease. Dietary intervention, along with exercise, is the most important tool for the treatment of MASLD patients. Dietary composition can have profound effects on liver fat. This review summarizes the results of studies that used MR methods to study the effect of macronutrients on liver fat content. It focuses on intervention studies manipulating the content and quantity of macronutrients in long-term dietary intervention studies and, in more detail, on studies monitoring the effect of administered nutrients on changes in liver fat over several hours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T19:18:26Z","timestamp":1747595906000},"page":"163-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nutrient-Induced Changes of Liver Fat Content in Humans"],"prefix":"10.33549","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Kov\u00e1\u0159","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. rupo@ikem.cz"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Poledne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. rupo@ikem.cz"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19169","reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. MASLD: a systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications. Gut 2024;73:691-702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yki-Jarvinen H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:901-910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70032-4","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70032-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rinella ME, Sanyal AJ. NAFLD in 2014: Genetics, diagnostics and therapeutic advances in NAFLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:65-66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.232","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.232"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qu YL, Song YH, Sun RR, Ma YJ, Zhang Y. Serum vitamin D level in overweight individuals and its correlation with the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Physiol Res 2024;73:265-271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935164","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935164"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology 2023;77:1335-1347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000000004"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amini-Salehi E, Letafatkar N, Norouzi N, Joukar F, Habibi A, Javid M, Sattari N, Khorasani M, et al. Global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated meta-analysis on 78 million population over 38 countries. Arch Med Res 2024;55:103043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103043"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen JC, Horton JD, Hobbs HH. Human fatty liver disease: old questions and new insights. Science 2011;332:1519-1523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1204265","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204265"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paklar N, Mijic M, Filipec-Kanizaj T. The outcomes of liver transplantation in severe metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease patients. Biomedicines 2023;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11113096","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11113096"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Marchesini G, Angulo P, Loria P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a precursor of the metabolic syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2015;47:181-190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2014.09.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.09.020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quek J, Chan KE, Wong ZY, Tan C, Tan B, Lim WH, Tan DJH, Tang ASP, Tay P, Xiao J, Yong JN, Zeng RW, Chew NWS, Nah B, Kulkarni A, Siddiqui MS, Dan YY, Wong VW, Sanyal AJ, Noureddin M, Muthiah M, Ng CH. Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;8:20-30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00317-X","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(22)00317-x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"En Li Cho E, Ang CZ, Quek J, Fu CE, Lim LKE, Heng ZEQ, Tan DJH, Lim WH, Yong JN, Zeng R, Chee D, et al.  Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2023;72:2138-2148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330110","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330110"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geng Y, Faber KN, de Meijer VE, Blokzijl H, Moshage H. How does hepatic lipid accumulation lead to lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Hepatol Int 2021;15:21-35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-020-10121-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10121-2"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young SG, Zechner R. Biochemistry and pathophysiology of intravascular and intracellular lipolysis. Genes Dev 2013;27:459-484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gad.209296.112","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.209296.112"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1343-1351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI23621","DOI":"10.1172\/jci200523621"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lambert JE, Ramos-Roman MA, Browning JD, Parks EJ. Increased de novo lipogenesis is a distinct characteristic of individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2014;146:726-735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.11.049","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.11.049"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balasse EO, Fery F. Ketone body production and disposal: effects of fasting, diabetes, and exercise. Diabetes Metab Rev 1989;5:247-270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmr.5610050304","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610050304"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adiels M, Taskinen MR, Packard C, Caslake MJ, Soro-Paavonen A, Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Hakkinen A, Olofsson SO, Yki-Jarvinen H, Boren J. Overproduction of large VLDL particles is driven by increased liver fat content in man. Diabetologia 2006;49:755-765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-005-0125-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0125-z"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sookoian S, Pirola CJ, Valenti L, Davidson NO. Genetic pathways in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Insights from systems biology. Hepatology 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31229","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31229"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kory N, BasuRay S, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. PNPLA3, CGI-58, and inhibition of hepatic triglyceride hydrolysis in mice. Hepatology 2019;69:2427-2441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30583","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30583"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smagris E, Gilyard S, BasuRay S, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Inactivation of Tm6sf2, a gene defective in fatty liver disease, impairs lipidation but not secretion of very low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 2016;291:10659-10676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M116.719955","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m116.719955"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu YL, Reeves HL, Burt AD, Tiniakos D, McPherson S, Leathart JB, Allison ME, Alexander GJ, Piguet AC, et al. TM6SF2 rs58542926 influences hepatic fibrosis progression in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Commun 2014;5:4309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms5309","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5309"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singal AG, Manjunath H, Yopp AC, Beg MS, Marrero JA, Gopal P, Waljee AK. The effect of PNPLA3 on fibrosis progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:325-334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2013.476","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.476"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kantartzis K, Peter A, Machicao F, Machann J, Wagner S, Konigsrainer I, Konigsrainer A, Schick F, Fritsche A, Haring HU, Stefan N. Dissociation between fatty liver and insulin resistance in humans carrying a variant of the patatin-like phospholipase 3 gene. Diabetes 2009;58:2616-2623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db09-0279","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0279"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beer NL, Tribble ND, McCulloch LJ, Roos C, Johnson PR, Orho-Melander M, Gloyn AL. The P446L variant in GCKR associated with fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride levels exerts its effect through increased glucokinase activity in liver. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:4081-4088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddp357","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp357"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Longo R, Pollesello P, Ricci C, Masutti F, Kvam BJ, Bercich L, Croce LS, Grigolato P, Paoletti S, de Bernard B, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy in quantitative in vivo determination of fat content in human liver steatosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 1995;5:281-285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.1880050311","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880050311"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D, Browning JD, Reingold JS, Grundy S, Hobbs HH, Dobbins RL. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005;288:E462-468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00064.2004","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00064.2004"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grygiel-Gorniak B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: nutritional and clinical implications--a review. Nutr J 2014;13:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2891-13-17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-17"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rui L. Energy metabolism in the liver. Compr Physiol 2014;4:177-197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c130024 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00548.x","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00548.x"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parry SA, Hodson L. Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med 2017;65:1102-1115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jim-2017-000524","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2017-000524"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bortolotti M, Kreis R, Debard C, Cariou B, Faeh D, Chetiveaux M, Ith M, Vermathen P, Stefanoni N, Le KA, Schneiter P, Krempf M, Vidal H, Boesch C, Tappy L. High protein intake reduces intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1002-1010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27296","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27296"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sobrecases H, Le KA, Bortolotti M, Schneiter P, Ith M, Kreis R, Boesch C, Tappy L. Effects of short-term overfeeding with fructose, fat and fructose plus fat on plasma and hepatic lipids in healthy men. Diabetes Metab 2010;36:244-246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.03.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.03.003"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosqvist F, Iggman D, Kullberg J, Cedernaes J, Johansson HE, Larsson A, Johansson L, Ahlstrom H, Arner P, Dahlman I, Riserus U. Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Diabetes 2014;63:2356-2368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-1622","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1622"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volynets V, Kuper MA, Strahl S, Maier IB, Spruss A, Wagnerberger S, Konigsrainer A, Bischoff SC, Bergheim I. Nutrition, intestinal permeability, and blood ethanol levels are altered in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:1932-1941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-012-2112-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2112-9"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Assy N, Nasser G, Kamayse I, Nseir W, Beniashvili Z, Djibre A, Grosovski M. Soft drink consumption linked with fatty liver in the absence of traditional risk factors. Can J Gastroenterol 2008;22:811-816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2008\/810961","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/810961"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Le KA, Faeh D, Stettler R, Ith M, Kreis R, Vermathen P, Boesch C, Ravussin E, Tappy L. A 4-wk high-fructose diet alters lipid metabolism without affecting insulin sensitivity or ectopic lipids in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1374-1379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1374","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1374"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Le KA, Ith M, Kreis R, Faeh D, Bortolotti M, Tran C, Boesch C, Tappy L. Fructose overconsumption causes dyslipidemia and ectopic lipid deposition in healthy subjects with and without a family history of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1760-1765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27336","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27336"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sevastianova K, Santos A, Kotronen A, Hakkarainen A, Makkonen J, Silander K, Peltonen M, Romeo S, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Olkkonen VM, Gylling H, Fielding BA, Rissanen A, Yki-Jarvinen H. Effect of short-term carbohydrate overfeeding and long-term weight loss on liver fat in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:727-734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.112.038695","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.038695"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maersk M, Belza A, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H, Ringgaard S, Chabanova E, Thomsen H, Pedersen SB, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:283-289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.111.022533","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.022533"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnston RD, Stephenson MC, Crossland H, Cordon SM, Palcidi E, Cox EF, Taylor MA, Aithal GP, Macdonald IA. No difference between high-fructose and high-glucose diets on liver triacylglycerol or biochemistry in healthy overweight men. Gastroenterology 2013;145:1016-1025 e1012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.012"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ngo Sock ET, Le KA, Ith M, Kreis R, Boesch C, Tappy L. Effects of a short-term overfeeding with fructose or glucose in healthy young males. Br J Nutr 2010;103:939-943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114509992819","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114509992819"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silbernagel G, Machann J, Unmuth S, Schick F, Stefan N, Haring HU, Fritsche A. Effects of 4-week very-high-fructose\/glucose diets on insulin sensitivity, visceral fat and intrahepatic lipids: an exploratory trial. Br J Nutr 2011;106:79-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S000711451000574X","DOI":"10.1017\/s000711451000574x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Theytaz F, Noguchi Y, Egli L, Campos V, Buehler T, Hodson L, Patterson BW, Nishikata N, Kreis R, Mittendorfer B, Fielding B, Boesch C, Tappy L. Effects of supplementation with essential amino acids on intrahepatic lipid concentrations during fructose overfeeding in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:1008-1016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.112.035139","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.035139"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis MC, Phillips ML, Slavotinek JP, Kow L, Thompson CH, Toouli J. Change in liver size and fat content after treatment with Optifast very low calorie diet. Obes Surg 2006;16:697-701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1381\/096089206777346682","DOI":"10.1381\/096089206777346682"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A, Avery L, Aribisala B, Caslake M, Taylor R. Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders. Diabetes Care 2016;39:808-815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1942","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-er06"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergholm R, Sevastianova K, Santos A, Kotronen A, Urjansson M, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Tiikkainen M, Rissanen A, Lundbom N, Yki-Jarvinen H. CB(1) blockade-induced weight loss over 48 weeks decreases liver fat in proportion to weight loss in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;37:699-703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2012.116","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.116"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otten J, Mellberg C, Ryberg M, Sandberg S, Kullberg J, Lindahl B, Larsson C, Hauksson J, Olsson T. Strong and persistent effect on liver fat with a Paleolithic diet during a two-year intervention. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016;40:747-753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2016.4","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.4"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haufe S, Engeli S, Kast P, Bohnke J, Utz W, Haas V, Hermsdorf M, Mahler A, Wiesner S, Birkenfeld AL, Sell H, Otto C, Mehling H, Luft FC, Eckel J, Schulz-Menger J, Boschmann M, Jordan J. Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects. Hepatology 2011;53:1504-1514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.24242","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24242"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirk E, Reeds DN, Finck BN, Mayurranjan SM, Patterson BW, Klein S. Dietary fat and carbohydrates differentially alter insulin sensitivity during caloric restriction. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1552-1560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.048","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.048"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Browning JD, Baker JA, Rogers T, Davis J, Satapati S, Burgess SC. Short-term weight loss and hepatic triglyceride reduction: evidence of a metabolic advantage with dietary carbohydrate restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:1048-1052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.110.007674","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.007674"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sevastianova K, Kotronen A, Gastaldelli A, Perttila J, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Suojanen L, Orho-Melander M, Lundbom N, Ferrannini E, Rissanen A, Olkkonen VM, Yki-Jarvinen H. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 (adiponutrin) confers sensitivity to weight loss-induced decrease in liver fat in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:104-111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.111.012369","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.012369"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK, Dufour S, Lyu K, Zhang XM, Hakkarainen A, Lehtimaki TE, Cline GW, Petersen KF, Shulman GI, Yki-Jarvinen H. Effect of a ketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:7347-7354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1922344117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922344117"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Herpen NA, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Schaart G, Mensink RP, Schrauwen P. Three weeks on a high-fat diet increases intrahepatic lipid accumulation and decreases metabolic flexibility in healthy overweight men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E691-695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-2243","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2243"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Westerbacka J, Lammi K, Hakkinen AM, Rissanen A, Salminen I, Aro A, Yki-Jarvinen H. Dietary fat content modifies liver fat in overweight nondiabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2804-2809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1983","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1983"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marina A, von Frankenberg AD, Suvag S, Callahan HS, Kratz M, Richards TL, Utzschneider KM. Effects of dietary fat and saturated fat content on liver fat and markers of oxidative stress in overweight\/obese men and women under weight-stable conditions. Nutrients 2014;6:4678-4690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6114678","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6114678"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bjermo H, Iggman D, Kullberg J, Dahlman I, Johansson L, Persson L, Berglund J, Pulkki K, Basu S, Uusitupa M, Rudling M, Arner P, Cederholm T, Ahlstrom H, Riserus U. Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:1003-1012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.111.030114","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030114"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bozzetto L, Prinster A, Annuzzi G, Costagliola L, Mangione A, Vitelli A, Mazzarella R, Longobardo M, Mancini M, Vigorito C, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Liver fat is reduced by an isoenergetic MUFA diet in a controlled randomized study in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1429-1435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-0033","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0033"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Wen MJ, Dyachenko A, Prior JL, Weinberg ME, Herraiz LA, Tai VW, Bergeron N, Bersot TP, Rao MN, Schambelan M, Mulligan K. Effect of a High-Fructose Weight-Maintaining Diet on Lipogenesis and Liver Fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:2434-2442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-3678","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3678"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Erkin-Cakmak A, Korn NJ, Wen MJ, Tai VW, Jones GM, Palii SP, Velasco-Alin M, et al. Effects of dietary fructose restriction on liver fat, de novo lipogenesis, and insulin kinetics in children with obesity. Gastroenterology 2017;153:743-752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.043","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.043"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin R, Welsh JA, Le NA, Holzberg J, Sharma P, Martin DR, Vos MB. Dietary fructose reduction improves markers of cardiovascular disease risk in Hispanic-American adolescents with NAFLD. Nutrients 2014;6:3187-3201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6083187","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083187"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bravo S, Lowndes J, Sinnett S, Yu Z, Rippe J. Consumption of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup does not increase liver fat or ectopic fat deposition in muscles. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013;38:681-688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2012-0322","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0322"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moller L, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H, Jensen FT, Jorgensen JO. Fasting in healthy subjects is associated with intrahepatic accumulation of lipids as assessed by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008;114:547-552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/CS20070217","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20070217"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Browning JD, Baxter J, Satapati S, Burgess SC. The effect of short-term fasting on liver and skeletal muscle lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in healthy women and men. J Lipid Res 2012;53:577-586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.P020867","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.p020867"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindeboom L, Nabuurs CI, Hesselink MK, Wildberger JE, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals increased hepatic lipid content after a single high-fat meal with no additional modulation by added protein. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:65-71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.114.094730","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.094730"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bilet L, Brouwers B, van Ewijk PA, Hesselink MK, Kooi ME, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Acute exercise does not decrease liver fat in men with overweight or NAFLD. Sci Rep 2015;5:9709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep09709","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09709"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hernandez EA, Kahl S, Seelig A, Begovatz P, Irmler M, Kupriyanova Y, Nowotny B, Nowotny P, Herder C, Barosa C, Carvalho F, Rozman J, Neschen S, Jones JG, Beckers J, de Angelis MH, Roden M. Acute dietary fat intake initiates alterations in energy metabolism and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2017;127:695-708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI89444","DOI":"10.1172\/jci89444"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dusilova T, Kovar J, Drobny M, Sedivy P, Dezortova M, Poledne R, Zemankova K, Hajek M. Different acute effects of fructose and glucose administration on hepatic fat content. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;109:1519-1526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.434"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kovar J, Dusilova T, Sedivy P, Bruha R, Gottfriedova H, Pavlikova P, Pitha J, Smid V, Drobny M, Dezortova M, Hajek M. Acute responses of hepatic fat content to consuming fat, glucose and fructose alone and in combination in non-obese non-diabetic individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Physiol Pharmacol 2021;72:45-53.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.146"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miquilena-Colina ME, Lima-Cabello E, Sanchez-Campos S, Garcia-Mediavilla MV, Fernandez-Bermejo M, et al.  Hepatic fatty acid translocase CD36 upregulation is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and increased steatosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2011;60:1394-1402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2010.222844","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.222844"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dusilova T, Kovar J, Lankova I, Thieme L, Hubackova M, Sedivy P, Pajuelo D, Burian M, Dezortova M, Miklankova D, Malinska H, Svobodova Stastna P, Poledne R, Hajek M, Haluzik M. Semaglutide treatment effects on liver fat content in obese subjects with Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). J Clin Med 2024;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13206100","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206100"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sabinari I, Horakova O, Cajka T, Kleinova V, Wieckowski MR, Rossmeisl M. Influence of lipid class used for Omega-3 Fatty acid supplementation on liver fat accumulation in MASLD. Physiol Res 2024;73:S295-S320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935396","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935396"}],"container-title":["Physiological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T19:18:29Z","timestamp":1747595909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biomed.cas.cz\/physiolres\/pdf\/2025\/74_163.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":70,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935525","relation":{},"ISSN":["1802-9973","0862-8408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1802-9973","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0862-8408","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}