{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:41:44Z","timestamp":1789011704934,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","issue":"3\/2025","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder. Currently, the global incidence of UC has significantly increased. Traditional treatment methods are relatively limited, with generally poor efficacy and many side effects. In contrast, acupuncture holds great promise due to its significant efficacy, reduced relapse rate, and minimal side effects. In recent years, basic research on acupuncture treatment for UC has achieved substantial progress. However, the specific targets and pathways involved are still unclear. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and consolidate the mechanisms of acupuncture and acupuncture combined with drug therapy for UC. We primarily review the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment for UC from two aspects: intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier. In terms of intestinal inflammation, acupuncture improves UC by regulating various inflammatory molecules such as TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, NF-\u03baB, and immune cells such as neutrophils, Th1, Th2, Treg, Th17. Concerning the intestinal barrier, we focus on the impact of acupuncture on the damage to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Moreover, acupuncture also possesses the capacity to reshape the gut microbiota, thereby repairing the biological barrier. Furthermore, the combination of acupuncture and medication for treating UC is a promising direction, which requires further exploration by researchers. This review thoroughly explains the molecular mechanisms of acupuncture in treating UC, establishing a foundation for further research on the effectiveness of acupuncture in UC treatment and offering a new perspective on the combination of acupuncture and medication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T08:48:53Z","timestamp":1753260533000},"page":"359-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mechanism Study of Acupuncture and Acupuncture Combined With Medication in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis"],"prefix":"10.33549","author":[{"given":"X","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19169","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1.\tKobayashi T, Siegmund B, Le Berre C, Wei SC, Ferrante M, Shen B, Bernstein CN, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Hibi T. Ulcerative colitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6:74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-0205-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0205-x"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2.\tOrd\u00e1s I, Eckmann L, Talamini M, Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet 2012;380:1606-1619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60150-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60150-0"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3.\tLiang Y, Li Y, Lee C, Yu Z, Chen C, Liang C. Ulcerative colitis: molecular insights and intervention therapy. Mol Biomed 2024;5:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43556-024-00207-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00207-w"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4.\tCosnes J, Gower-Rousseau C, Seksik P, Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2011;140:1785-1794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.055","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.055"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5.\tEaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 2001;48:526-535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.48.4.526","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.4.526"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.\tFaubion WA Jr, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2001;121:255-260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2001.26279","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(98)84168-1"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"7.\tRossier L, Matter C. Overview and update on treatment in ulcerative colitis. (Article in German) Ther Umsch 2023;80:386-392."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.\tOlivera P, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Next generation of small molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2017;66:199-209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312912","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312912"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.\tColombel JF, Sands BE, Rutgeerts P, Sandborn W, Danese S, D'Haens G, Panaccione R, et al. The safety of vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 2017;66:839-851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311079","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311079"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.\tDanese S, Vuitton L, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Biologic agents for IBD: practical insights. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:537-545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.135","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.135"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"11.\tRudrapatna VA, Velayos F. Biosimilars for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pract Gastroenterol 2019;43:84-91."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12.\tCima RR, Pemberton JH. Protagonist: Early surgical intervention in ulcerative colitis. Gut 2004;53:306-307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2003.001719","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.001719"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13.\tK\u00fchn F, Klar E. Surgical Principles in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Viszeralmedizin 2015;31:246-250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000438894","DOI":"10.1159\/000438894"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14.\tWong DJ, Roth EM, Feuerstein JD, Poylin VY. Surgery in the age of biologics. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2019;7:77-90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gastro\/goz004","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goz004"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15.\tChandel S, Prakash A, Medhi B. Current scenario in inflammatory bowel disease: drug development prospects. Pharmacol Rep 2015;67:224-229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.09.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.09.005"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.\tIacucci M, de Silva S, Ghosh S. Mesalazine in inflammatory bowel disease: a trendy topic once again? Can J Gastroenterol 2010;24:127-133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/586092","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/586092"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.\tLanghorst J, Wulfert H, Lauche R, Klose P, Cramer H, Dobos GJ, Korzenik J. Systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine treatments in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2015;9:86-106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju007","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju007"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18.\tWang X, Zhao NQ, Sun YX, Bai X, Si JT, Liu JP, Liu ZL. Acupuncture for ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020;20:309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03101-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03101-4"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19.\tChen M, Zhao S, Guo Y, Cao L, Zeng H, Lin Z, Wang S, et al. The Influence of Acupuncture Parameters on Efficacy and the Possible Use of Acupuncture in Combination with or as a Substitute for Drug Therapy in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022;2022:8362892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8362892","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8362892"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20.\tLiu Y, Du J, Fang J, Xiang X, Xu Y, Wang S, Sun H, Fang J. Electroacupuncture inhibits the interaction between peripheral TRPV1 and P2X3 in rats with different pathological pain. Physiol Res 2021;70:635-647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.934649","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934649"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21.\tGong Y, Li N, Lv Z, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Yang T, Wang H, et al. The neuro-immune microenvironment of acupoints-initiation of acupuncture effectiveness. J Leukoc Biol 2020;108:189-198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JLB.3AB0420-361RR","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3AB0420-361RR"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.\tLi Y, Yu Y, Liu Y, Yao W. Mast Cells and Acupuncture Analgesia. Cells 2022;11:860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11050860","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050860"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.\tZhang R, Lao L, Ren K, Berman BM. Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain. Anesthesiology 2014;120:482-503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000101","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000000101"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24.\tNassif A, Longo WE, Mazuski JE, Vernava AM, Kaminski DL. Role of cytokines and platelet-activating factor in inflammatory bowel disease. Implications for therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:217-223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02068079","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02068079"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.\tNielsen OH, Kirman I, R\u00fcdiger N, Hendel J, Vainer B. Upregulation of interleukin-12 and -17 in active inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003;38:180-185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365520310000672","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310000672"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26.\tSingh UP, Singh NP, Murphy EA, Price RL, Fayad R, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Chemokine and cytokine levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Cytokine 2016;77:44-49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.10.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.10.008"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27.\tLackeyram D, Young D, Kim CJ, Yang C, Archbold TL, Mine Y, Fan MZ. Interleukin-10 is differentially expressed in the small intestine and the colon experiencing chronic inflammation and ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in young pigs. Physiol Res 2017;66:147-162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.933259","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933259"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28.\tYan J, Zhang H, Chen CT, Yang QY, Liao WF, Chen PG. Effects of electroacupuncture at Shangjuxu (ST 37) on interleukin-1beta and interleukin-4 in the ulcerative colitis model rats. J Tradit Chin Med 2009;29:60-63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0254-6272(09)60033-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(09)60033-9"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"29.\tJi LX, Cheng YT, Yan LP, Wang HJ, Jin XF, Li ML, Yan P, Zhao X. Effects of electroacupuncture at acupoints \"changbingfang\" on serum IL-4 content and colonic NF-kappaB p65 expression in rats with ulcerative colitis. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2013;38:26-30."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"30.\tChen YP. Effect of Moxibustion and Electroacupuncture on Th 1\/Th 2 Immune Balance in Rats with Experimental Colitis. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2016;41:210-214."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.\tPastorelli L, Garg RR, Hoang SB, Spina L, Mattioli B, Scarpa M, Fiocchi C, Vecchi M, Pizarro TT. Epithelial-derived IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are dysregulated in ulcerative colitis and in experimental Th1\/Th2 driven enteritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:8017-8022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0912678107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912678107"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32.\tTian L, Huang YX, Tian M, Gao W, Chang Q. Downregulation of electroacupuncture at ST36 on TNF-alpha in rats with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9:1028-1033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v9.i5.1028","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i5.1028"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33.\tJin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Shi Z, Yin J, Chen JDZ. Autonomically mediated anti-inflammatory effects of electrical stimulation at acupoints in a rodent model of colonic inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019;31:e13615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13615","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13615"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.\tChen Y, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Chen JDZ, Seralu FM. Electroacupuncture at ST36 Relieves Visceral Hypersensitivity via the NGF\/TrkA\/TRPV1 Peripheral Afferent Pathway in a Rodent Model of Post-Inflammation Rectal Hypersensitivity. J Inflamm Res 2021;14:325-339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S285146","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s285146"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"35.\tCao QR, Ling C, Liu MJ, Zhang H, Deng SF. Electroacupuncture of \"Shangjuxu\"(ST37) and \"Tianshu\"(ST25) reduces colonic injury by suppressing NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling in rats with ulcerative colitis. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2022;47:314-320."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36.\tQiao CX, Zhao G, Zhang LZ, Di AT, Liu PL, Wang YY, Zeng L. Intervention mechanism of electroacupuncture in rats with ulcerative colitis: an analysis based on the Toll-like receptor 4\/myeloid differentiation factor 88\/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2020;45:180-187.","DOI":"10.36468\/pharmaceutical-sciences.807"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37.\tChen Y, Zhang Q, Sun L, Liu H, Feng J, Li J, Wang Z. Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Physiol Res 2023;72:783-792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935182","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935182"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38.\tEspaillat MP, Kew RR, Obeid LM. Sphingolipids in neutrophil function and inflammatory responses: Mechanisms and implications for intestinal immunity and inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Adv Biol Regul 2017;63:140-155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbior.2016.11.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2016.11.001"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.\tWu HG, Liu HR, Tan LY, Gong YJ, Shi Y, Zhao TP, Yi Y, Yang Y. Electroacupuncture and moxibustion promote neutrophil apoptosis and improve ulcerative colitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52:379-384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-006-9561-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9561-y"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.\tKa\u0142u\u017cna A, Olczyk P, Komosi\u0144ska-Vassev K. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis and Development of the Inflammatory Response in Ulcerative Colitis. J Clin Med 2022;11:400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11020400","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020400"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41.\tSun J, Zhang H, Wang C, Yang M, Chang S, Geng Y, Yang H, et al. Regulating the Balance of Th17\/Treg via Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion: An Ulcerative Colitis Mice Model Based Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017;2017:7296353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7296353","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7296353"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"42.\tWang CY, Zeng LL, Geng Y, Wang X, Zhang HJ, Yang H, Wu Q, Yu SG. Effect of Electroacupuncture Stimulation of \"Guanyuan\" (CV 4) and \"Zusanli\" (ST 36) on Spleen Lymphocytes Treg\/Th 17 Immune Balance in Ulcerative Colitis Mice. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2016;41:55-59."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43.\tWang Z, Huang Y, Wang D, Wang R, Li K, Qi Q, Ma Z, et al. Genome-Wide Regulation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Ulcerative Colitis Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9945121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9945121","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9945121"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44.\tShenoy AK, Fisher RC, Butterworth EA, Pi L, Chang LJ, Appelman HD, Chang M, et al. Transition from colitis to cancer: high Wnt activity sustains the tumor-initiating potential of colon cancer stem cell precursors. Cancer Res 2012;72:5091-5100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1806","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-12-1806"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45.\tKar\u00e1skov\u00e1 E, Kubickova V, Velganova-Veghova M, Geryk M, Foltenova H, Karasek D. Circulating levels of WISP-1 (Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1) and other selected adipokines in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Physiol Res 2022;71:275-284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.934854","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934854"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46.\tZhang RB, Dong LC, Shen Y, Li HY, Huang Q, Yu SG, Wu QF. Electroacupuncture alleviates ulcerative colitis by targeting CXCL1: evidence from the transcriptome and validation. Front Immunol 2023;14:1187574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1187574","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1187574"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"47.\tPisani LF, Moriggi M, Gelfi C, Vecchi M, Pastorelli L. Proteomic insights on the metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020;26:696-705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v26.i7.696","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i7.696"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48.\tQi Q, Zhong R, Liu YN, Zhao C, Huang Y, Lu Y, Ma Z, Zheng HD, Wu LY. Mechanism of electroacupuncture and herb-partitioned moxibustion on ulcerative colitis animal model: A study based on proteomics. World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:3644-3665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v28.i28.3644","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i28.3644"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49.\tJin X, You Y, Ruan G, Zhou W, Li J, Li J. Deep mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis: how deep is better? Front Med (Lausanne) 2024;11:1429427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1429427","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1429427"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50.\tBhat AA, Uppada S, Achkar IW, Hashem S, Yadav SK, Shanmugakonar M, Al-Naemi HA, Haris M, Uddin S. Tight Junction Proteins and Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Inflammation: A Functional Crosstalk. Front Physiol 2018;9:1942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.01942","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38862-1_1"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51.\tOkumura R, Takeda K. Roles of intestinal epithelial cells in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 2017;49:e338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2017.20","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.20"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52.\tPatankar JV, Becker C. Cell death in the gut epithelium and implications for chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;17:543-556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-020-0326-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0326-4"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53.\tMcCauley HA, Guasch G. Three cheers for the goblet cell: maintaining homeostasis in mucosal epithelia. Trends Mol Med 2015;21:492-503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.06.003"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54.\tAyabe T, Ashida T, Kohgo Y, Kono T. The role of Paneth cells and their antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense. Trends Microbiol 2004;12:394-398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2004.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.06.007"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55.\tAnderson JM, Van Itallie CM. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009;1:a002584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a002584","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002584"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56.\tNishida A, Inoue R, Inatomi O, Bamba S, Naito Y, Andoh A. Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Gastroenterol 2018;11:1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12328-017-0813-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0813-5"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"57.\tIwamoto M, Makiyama K, Koji T, Kohno S, Nakane PK. Expression of Fas and Fas-ligand in epithelium of ulcerative colitis. (Article in Japanese) Nihon Rinsho 1996;54:1970-1974."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58.\tCoffey JC, Bennett MW, Wang JH, O'Connell J, Neary P, Shanahan F, Redmond HP, Kirwan WO. Upregulation of Fas-Fas-L (CD95\/CD95L)-mediated epithelial apoptosis--a putative role in pouchitis? J Surg Res 2001;98:27-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jsre.2001.6129","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6129"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59.\tOhman L, Franz\u00e9n L, Rudolph U, Birnbaumer L, H\u00f6rnquist EH. Regression of Peyer's patches in G alpha i2 deficient mice prior to colitis is associated with reduced expression of Bcl-2 and increased apoptosis. Gut 2002;51:392-397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.51.3.392","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.3.392"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60.\tWu HG, Gong X, Yao LQ, Zhang W, Shi Y, Liu HR, Gong YJ, et al. Mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis in rat ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:682-688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v10.i5.682","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i5.682"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"61.\tWu HG, Huang Z, Liu HR, Zhang W, Shi Y, Zhu Y, Cui YH, Liu SM. Experimental study on influence of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy on apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells in rats of ulcerative colitis. (Article in Chinese) Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2005;25:119-122."},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"62.\tShi LW, Gu H, Liu MJ, Li JG, Zhao X, Jiao JY, Cheng N. Effect of Electroacupuncture and Manual Acupuncture on Colonic Inflammatory Injury, Cytokine Levels and Cell Apoptosis in Ulcerative Colitis Rats. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2017;42:56-61."},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"63.\tJiang Z, Wu R, Xu H, Wang H, Dong A, Ji L. Effects of electroacupuncture with \"intestinal disease prescription\" on NLRP3 inflammasome and intestinal mucosal barrier in rats with acute ulcerative colitis. (Article in Chinese) Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2024;44:441-448."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64.\tRavanan P, Srikumar IF, Talwar P. Autophagy: The spotlight for cellular stress responses. Life Sci 2017;188:53-67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.08.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.08.029"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65.\tYang J, Zhou R, Ma Z. Autophagy and Energy Metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019;1206:329-357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_16"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66.\tZhou M, Xu W, Wang J, Yan J, Shi Y, Zhang C, Ge W, et al. Boosting mTOR-dependent autophagy via upstream TLR4-MyD88-MAPK signalling and downstream NF-\u03baB pathway quenches intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress injury. EBioMedicine 2018;35:345-360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.08.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.08.035"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67.\tCosin-Roger J, Simmen S, Melhem H, Atrott K, Frey-Wagner I, Hausmann M, de Valli\u00e8re C, et al. Hypoxia ameliorates intestinal inflammation through NLRP3\/mTOR downregulation and autophagy activation. Nat Commun 2017;8:98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-00213-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00213-3"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"68.\tWu RL, Xu HC, Jiang ZW, Wang HJ, Cao YX, Kong FM, Dong AA, et al. Effect of electroacupuncture on colonic autophagy and AMPK\/mTOR signaling pathway in rats with acute ulcerative colitis. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2023;48:818-824."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"69.\tQiao D, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Tang Y, Sun X, et al. Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Autophagy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:697360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.697360","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.697360"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"70.\tChung YP, Yen CC, Tang FC, Lee KI, Liu SH, Wu CC, Hsieh SS, et al. Methylmercury exposure induces ROS\/Akt inactivation-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated neuronal cell apoptosis. Toxicology 2019;425:152245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2019.152245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.152245"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"71.\tCorazzari M, Rapino F, Ciccosanti F, Giglio P, Antonioli M, Conti B, Fimia GM, et al. Oncogenic BRAF induces chronic ER stress condition resulting in increased basal autophagy and apoptotic resistance of cutaneous melanoma. Cell Death Differ 2015;22:946-958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cdd.2014.183","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.183"},{"key":"ref71","unstructured":"72.\tWu YY, Liu MJ, Yin SJ, Wang AY, Li JG. Acupuncture reduce colonic inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats with ulcerative colitis. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2020;45:8-13."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73.\tPeng M, Biswas D. Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in host gut health and foodborne bacterial pathogen inhibition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017;57:3987-4002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2016.1203286","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1203286"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"74.\tHou TS, Han XX, Yang Y, Zhao JL, Ren YD, Yu SG, Wu QF. Effect of electroacupuncture intervention on enteric microecology in ulcerative colitis rats. (Article in Chinese) Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2014;39:27-34."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75.\tLiu GH, Liu HM, Chen YS, Lee TY. Effect of Electroacupuncture in Mice with Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis and the Influence of Gut Microbiota. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020;2020:2087903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/2087903","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2087903"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"76.\tWang L, An J, Song S, Mei M, Li W, Ding F, Liu S. Electroacupuncture preserves intestinal barrier integrity through modulating the gut microbiota in DSS-induced chronic colitis. Life Sci 2020;261:118473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118473"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77.\tWu H, Rao Q, Ma GC, Yu XH, Zhang CE, Ma ZJ. Effect of Triptolide on Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis and Gut Microbiota in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019;10:1652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.01652","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01652"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78.\tMatsuoka K. Fecal microbiota transplantation for ulcerative colitis. Immunol Med 2021;44:30-34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/25785826.2020.1792040","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2020.1792040"},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"79.\tXu HJ, Wang L, Chen BD, Zhao LD. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation:Traditional Chinese Medicine Meets Western Medicine. (Article in Chinese) Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2022;44:472-476."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"80.\tShen ZH, Zhu CX, Quan YS, Yang ZY, Wu S, Luo WW, Tan B, Wang XY. Relationship between intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis: Mechanisms and clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2018;24:5-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v24.i1.5","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i1.5"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"81.\tPark KY, Jeong JK, Lee YE, Daily JW 3rd. Health benefits of kimchi (Korean fermented vegetables) as a probiotic food. J Med Food 2014;17:6-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jmf.2013.3083","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.3083"},{"key":"ref81","unstructured":"82. Chen K, Li C. Acupuncture combined with medication for ulcerative colitis with damp-heat syndrome at active phase. (Article in Chinese) Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2015;35:435-438."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83.\tWan P, Chen H, Guo Y, Bai AP. Advances in treatment of ulcerative colitis with herbs: from bench to bedside. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:14099-14104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14099","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14099"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84.\tNg SC, Lam YT, Tsoi KK, Chan FK, Sung JJ, Wu JC. Systematic review: the efficacy of herbal therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:854-863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.12464","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12464"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85.\tTang T, Targan SR, Li ZS, Xu C, Byers VS, Sandborn WJ. Randomised clinical trial: herbal extract HMPL-004 in active ulcerative colitis - a double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalazine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:194-202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04515.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04515.x"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86.\tGong Y, Zha Q, Li L, Liu Y, Yang B, Liu L, Lu A, et al. Efficacy and safety of Fufangkushen colon-coated capsule in the treatment of ulcerative colitis compared with mesalazine: a double-blinded and randomized study. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;141:592-598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.057"},{"key":"ref86","unstructured":"87.\tHe HH, Shen H, Zheng K. Observation of the curative effect of qingchang huashi recipe for treating active ulcerative colitis of inner-accumulation of damp-heat syndrome. (Article in Chinese) Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2012;32:1598-1601."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"88.\tDixon SJ, Lemberg KM, Lamprecht MR, Skouta R, Zaitsev EM, Gleason CE, Patel DN, et al. Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell 2012;149:1060-1072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89.\tDo Q, Xu L. How do different lipid peroxidation mechanisms contribute to ferroptosis? Cell Rep Phys Sci 2023;4:101683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2023.101683"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"90.\tGuo M, Du X, Wang X. Inhibition of ferroptosis: A new direction in the treatment of ulcerative colitis by traditional Chinese medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2024;324:117787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117787"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"91.\tGupta KH, Goldufsky JW, Wood SJ, Tardi NJ, Moorthy GS, Gilbert DZ, Zayas JP, et al. Apoptosis and Compensatory Proliferation Signaling Are Coupled by CrkI-Containing Microvesicles. Dev Cell 2017;41:674-684.e675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.05.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.05.014"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"92.\tBosurgi L, Hughes LD, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. Death begets a new beginning. Immunol Rev 2017;280:8-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.12585","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12585"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"93.\tShibahara T, Sato N, Waguri S, Iwanaga T, Nakahara A, Fukutomi H, Uchiyama Y. The fate of effete epithelial cells at the villus tips of the human small intestine. Arch Histol Cytol 1995;58:205-219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1679\/aohc.58.205","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.58.205"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"94.\tHan Y, Ma TM, Lu ML, Ren L, Ma XD, Bai ZH. Role of moxibustion in inflammatory responses during treatment of rat ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:11297-11304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i32.11297","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i32.11297"}],"container-title":["Physiological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T08:49:12Z","timestamp":1753260552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biomed.cas.cz\/physiolres\/pdf\/2025\/74_359.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3\/2025","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1802-9973","0862-8408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1802-9973","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0862-8408","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]}}}