{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:02:52Z","timestamp":1784289772627,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assessed the impact of gallic acid plus vitamin C on systemic oxidant stress, inflammation, hepatic and renal histology of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Twenty five albino male rats were allotted into five categories of five rats each and treated hereafter as: control and diabetic group (fed rat diets and water), vitamin C (diabetic treated rats administered vitamin C, 50 mg\/kg), gallic acid (diabetic treated rats administered gallic acid at 20 mg\/kg), gallic acid plus vitamin C (diabetic treated rats administered 20 mg\/kg gallic acid and 50 mg\/kg vitamin C). The study duration was forty two days. The diabetic group had significant raise (P&lt;0.05) of fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance scores, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (in the liver, kidney and serum), alteration of relative liver and kidney weights, liver and kidney function indices, significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in total hemoglobin, serum insulin, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta cell function scores, body weights and pathological changes in their liver and kidney histology. These changes were ameliorated following supplementation of the diabetic group with gallic acid, vitamin C and gallic acid plus vitamin C combined treatment. Intervention with vitamin C was more efficacious than gallic acid. However, combined treatment of gallic acid plus vitamin C was more efficacious than the single treatments in modulating systemic and local oxidative stress, inflammation and in restoring the altered liver and kidney histology of the diabetic rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:03:27Z","timestamp":1784286207000},"page":"471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Co-Supplementation of Gallic Acid With Vitamin C on Oxidant Stress, Inflammation, Hepatic and Renal Histology of Type 2 Diabetic Rats Induced With Fructose and Streptozotocin"],"prefix":"10.33549","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19169","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1.\tLotfy M, Adeghate J, Kalasz H, Singh J, Adeghate E. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus: a mini review. Curr Diab Rev 2017;13:3-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1573399812666151016101622","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399812666151016101622"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2.\tMobasheri L, Ahadi M, Namdar AB, Alavi MS, Bemidinezhad A, Farahi SMM, et al. Pathophysiology of diabetic hepatopathy and molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals. Biomed Pharmacother 2023;67:115502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115502"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3.\tSamarghandian S, Azimi-Nezhad M, Farkhondeh T. Catechin Treatment Ameliorates Diabetes and Its Complications in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Dose-Response 2017;15:1559325817691158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1559325817691158","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325817691158"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4.\tLee Y, Bae CS, Ahn T. Chlorogenic acid attenuates pro\u2011inflammatory response in the blood of streptozotocin\u2011induced diabetic rats. Lab Animal Res 2022;38:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42826-022-00148-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-022-00148-x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5.\tChao J, Cheng HY, Chang ML, Huang SS, Liao JW, Cheng YC, et al. Gallic Acid Ameliorated Impaired Lipid Homeostasis in a Mouse Model of High-Fat Diet-and Streptozotocin- Induced NAFLD and Diabetes through Improvement of \u03b2-oxidation and Ketogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2021;11:606759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2020.606759","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.606759"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6.\tBansal A, Hadimani CP. Low Plasma Ascorbate Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Adequate Dietary Vitamin C. J Lab Physicians 2021;13:139-143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1730751","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730751"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7.\tMason SA, Parker L, Pligt PVD, Wadley GD. Vitamin C supplementation for diabetes management: A comprehensive narrative review. Free Radic Biol Med 2023;194:255-283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.003"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8.\tDakhale GN, Chaudhari HV, Shrivastava M. Supplementation of Vitamin C Reduces Blood Glucose and Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2011;2011:195271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/195271","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/195271"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9.\tNational Institute of Health, National Institute of Health for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academic press, NIH Publication, 1996, No. 23-83."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.\tPunithavathi VR, Prince PSM, Kumar MR, Selvakumari CJ. Protective Effects of Gallic Acid on Hepatic Lipid Peroxide Metabolism, Glycoprotein Components and Lipids in Streptozotocin-Induced Type II Diabetic Wistar Rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011;25:68-76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbt.20360","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20360"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11.\tWang H, Guan L, Guan H, Zhong J, Zhong J. Gallic Acid and Vitamin C Mitigate Histopathological Changes in the Retina by Attenuating Dyslipidemia and Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in the Eyes of Type 2 Diabetic Rats Induced With Fructose\/Streptozotocin. Food Sci Nutr 2025;13:e70699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.70699","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70699"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"12.\tEastham RD. Biochemical Values in Clinical Medicine (Seventh Edition). John Wright & Sons Ltd., Bristol, England, 1985, 473 p."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13.\tMatthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00280883","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14.\tOoi DJ, Adamua HA, Imama MU, Ithninb H, Ismail M. Polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction isolated from Molineria latifolia ameliorates insulin resistance in experimental diabetic rats via IRS1\/AKT activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;98:125-133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.12.002"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15.\tBuege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1978;52:302-310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16.\tSun M, Zigma S. An improved spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase based on ephinephrine antioxidation. Anal Biochem 1978;90:81-89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90010-6","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90010-6"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17.\tRotruckjt, Rope AL, Ganther HF, Swason AB. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxide. Science 1973;179:588-590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.179.4073.588","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4073.588"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18.\tHabig WA, Pabst MJ, Jacoby WB. Glutathione transferases. The first step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130-7139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19.\tSedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Anal Biochem 1968;25:1192-1205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(68)90092-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(68)90092-4"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20.\tIbrahim GM, Ahmed OM, Abbas NH, El Fateh MM. Evaluation of the anti-diabetic effects of epicatechin and\/or gallic acid in STZ\/NA- induced diabetic Wister rats. Res J Appl Biotechnol 2018;4:87-104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/rjab.2018.57527","DOI":"10.21608\/rjab.2018.57527"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21.\tNayak Y, Hillemane V, Daroji VK, Jayashree BS, Unnikrishnan MK. Antidiabetic Activity of Benzopyrone Analogues in Nicotinamide-Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats. Sci World J 2014;2014:854267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/854267","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/854267"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22.\tKotha P, Badrib KR, Nagalapurama R, Allagaddaa R, Chippada AR. Anti-Diabetic Potential of the Leaves of Anisomeles malabarica in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017;43:1689-1702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000484030","DOI":"10.1159\/000484030"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23.\tPatel SS, Goyal RK, Patel SS, Goyal RK. Cardioprotective effects of gallic acid in diabetes-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. Pharmacognosy Res 2011;3:239-245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-8490.89743","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.89743"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"24.\tBunbupha S, Prachaney P, Apaijit K, Kukongviriyapan U, Pakdeechote P. Gallic acid ameliorates hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats. IJPS 2019;15:158-165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14456\/ijps.2019.12"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25.\tWong TS, Tap FM, Hashim Z, Majid FAA, Zakaria NH, Siahaan P, Mogadem A. Dual actions of gallic acid and andrographolide trigger AdipoR1 to stimulate insulin secretion in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. J Tradit Complement Med 2023;13:11e19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcme.2022.09.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2022.09.002"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26.\tKazemipoor M, Cordell GA, Sarker MR, Radzi CWJWM, Hajifaraji M, Kiat PE. Alternative treatments for weight loss: safety\/risks and effectiveness of anti-obesity medicinal plants. Int J Food Prop 2015;18:1942-1963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10942912.2014.933350","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2014.933350"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"27.\tAli A, Shaheen S, Zahid N, Zafar U, Ahmad F, Farooq L. Effect of metformin on the weight of healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal model. J Med Ayu Coll Abbottabad 2021;33:572-576."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28.\tEmami SR, Jafari M, Haghshenas R, Ravasi A. Impact of eight weeks endurance training on biochemical parameters and obesity-induced oxidative stress in high fat diet-fed rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016;20:29-35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20463\/jenb.2016.03.20.1.5","DOI":"10.20463\/jenb.2016.03.20.1.5"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29.\tWu D, Gao B, Li M, Yao L, Wang S, Chen M, et al. Hydrogen sulfide mitigates kidney injury in high fat diet induced obese mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:2715718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/2715718","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2715718"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"30.\tKhaki Z, Masoudifard M, Khadivar F, Shirani D, Fathipour V, Taheri M. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters in dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Iran J Vet Med 2016;11:55-62."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31.\tLei X, He J, Ren C, Zhou Y, Chen X, Dou J. Protective effects of the Chinese herbal medicine prescription Zhujing pill on retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;98:643-650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.12.071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.12.071"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32.\tIroaganachi MA, Edem DO, Akpan HD, Edagha I, Eleazu CO. Effect of different doses of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) or their combinations with ginger (Zingiber officinale) on some biochemical parameters, and hepatic and pancreatic histology of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ACS Food Sci Technol 2023;3:2157-2172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.3c00381","DOI":"10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.3c00381"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"33.\tVasudevan DM, Sreekumari S, Vaidyanathan K. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students (Seventh Edition). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd, 2013, pp 371."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34.\tAlatawi A, Maodaa S, Alarifi S, Harrath AH, Al-Shaebi EM, Alhomoud DA, et al. Protective effects of Teucrium polium leaf ethanolic extract against nicotine-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Physiol Res 2025;74:623-633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935314","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935314"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35.\tWenming NV, Dan CAO, Yang F. Trigonelline Attenuated Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Activating NAD+\/SIRT1 Pathway. Physiol Res 2025;74:439-447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935486","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935486"}],"container-title":["Physiological Research"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:03:42Z","timestamp":1784286222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biomed.cas.cz\/physiolres\/pdf\/2026\/75_471.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.935785","relation":{},"ISSN":["0862-8408","1802-9973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0862-8408","type":"print"},{"value":"1802-9973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}