{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:54:52Z","timestamp":1776804892666,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["aerosp med hum perform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Transcutaneous measurement of carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) has been proposed for physiological monitoring of tactical jet aircrew because in some clinical settings it mirrors arterial CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> partial pressure (P<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). End-tidal monitoring\n in laboratory settings is known to give high-fidelity estimates of P<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> The correspondence between end-tidal (P<jats:sub>ET<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and transcutaneous Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (tcPco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) was examined in healthy volunteers under laboratory\n conditions of hyperoxia and hypoxia. Rest and exercise, skin heating and cooling, hyperventilation, and induced CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> retention were employed.<jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Neither measure followed all known changes in P<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and tcPco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> changed when the skin temperature\n near the probe changed. Bland-Altman analysis showed significant nonzero slopes under most conditions. Regression analysis indicated that oxygen partial pressure (Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in tissue measured as transcutaneous Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (tcPo<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) is an important explanatory variable for\n tcPco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in addition to P<jats:sub>ET<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and that local skin temperature also has an effect. Additionally, absorption atelectasis from breathing 100% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> may cause P<jats:sub>ET<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to deviate from P<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n Even as a trend indicator for P<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, tcPco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is not useful under conditions that resemble those in the highly dynamic tactical jet aircraft environment. P<jats:sub>ET<\/jats:sub>co<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is also not a good indicator of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> status in pilots who breathe\n nearly 100% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<jats:bold>Shykoff BE, Lee LR, Gallo M, Griswold CA. <jats:italic>Transcutaneous and end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> measurements in hypoxia and hyperoxia<\/jats:italic>. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(11):864\u2013872<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.5856.2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T08:22:00Z","timestamp":1637828520000},"page":"864-872","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transcutaneous and End-Tidal CO2 Measurements in Hypoxia and Hyperoxia"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Barbara E.","family":"Shykoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley R.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl A.","family":"Griswold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.01.017","article-title":"Validity of transcutaneous Pco2 in monitoring chronic hypoventilation treated with non-invasive ventilation","volume":"112","author":"Aarrestad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.08.002","article-title":"Hemoglobin, nitric oxide and molecular mechanisms of hypoxic vasodilation","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/2987937","article-title":"Measurement in medicine: the analysis of method comparison studies","volume":"32","author":"Altman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Statistician."},{"issue":"4","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.1999.0714","article-title":"Use of transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions for assessing indices of gas exchange during exercise testing","volume":"94","author":"Carter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00085.2016","article-title":"Hyperoxia and hypergravity are independent risk factors of atelectasis in healthy sitting humans: a pulmonary ultrasound and SPECT\/CT study","volume":"121","author":"Dussault","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.3.1385","article-title":"Effect of asthma and ventilatory loading on arterial PCO2 of humans during submaximal exercise","volume":"75","author":"Forster","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.58.3.978","article-title":"Ventilation-perfusion inequality in normal humans during exercise at sea level and simulated altitude","volume":"58","author":"Gale","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.5.1749","article-title":"Pulmonary gas exchange in humans during normobaric hypoxic exercise","volume":"61","author":"Hammond","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.5.954","article-title":"Difference between end-tidal and arterial PCO2 in exercise","volume":"47","author":"Jones","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1953.5.9.471","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity. 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