{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:48:05Z","timestamp":1740098885238,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["aerosp med hum perform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) provide guidance on allowable chemical exposures for nominal and emergency situations aboard spacecraft. SMACs are set to mitigate or preclude potential crew health effects and performance degradation. Hydrogen fluoride\n (HF) gas is highly irritating. Inhaled HF produces irritation primarily in the upper respiratory tract. HF is not routinely present in spacecraft atmospheres. However, it can be produced in spacecraft due to overheating or combustion events involving materials containing fluorinated organics.<jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n Toxicological data relevant to SMAC development were collected from electronic databases using principles of systematic review, and from previous assessments and reviews of HF.<jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> The human inhalation data of Lund (short-term) and Largent (subchronic) showed that HF at approximately\n 3 ppm caused very mild respiratory irritation. NASA HF SMACs are based on these findings.<jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold> The 1-h and 24-h SMACs are set at 3 ppm, a value consistent with NASA short-term SMAC criteria where crew may experience mild irritation. The 7-d, 30-d, 180-d, and 1000-d SMACs are\n set at 0.3 ppm to protect against any long-term crew health or performance effects that could be produced from HF exposures.<jats:bold>Lam C-W, Ryder VE. <jats:italic>Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for hydrogen fluoride<\/jats:italic>. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(10):746\u2013748.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6052.2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T04:33:21Z","timestamp":1665894801000},"page":"746-748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Hydrogen Fluoride"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Chiu-Wing","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie E.","family":"Ryder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1963.10663433","article-title":"Fluoride exposure and worker health. 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