{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T13:07:23Z","timestamp":1754399243333},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> The previous short-term (1-h and 24-h) Spacecraft Maximal Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for benzene were established at 10 and 3 ppm by NASA in 1996, based on a study of mice in which no hematological effects were noted following two 6-h exposures to benzene. When the benzene SMACs were updated in 2008, there was no revision to the short-term SMAC limits. Rather, that effort developed a long-term SMAC (1000-d) for Exploration mission scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Acute benzene exposures can cause numerous neurological effects, and long-term exposure to low levels is well-known to cause acute myeloid leukemia. Since publication of the original benzene SMACs, the National Academy of Sciences developed interim Acute Exposure Guideline Limits (AEGLs) for unintentional releases of benzene into the air. Based on the data used to establish the AEGLs, we have increased our short-term, off-nominal limits for benzene in crewed spacecraft to 40 ppm and 6.7 ppm for 1-h and 24-h, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Ryder VE, Williams ES. <jats:italic>Revisions to acute\/off-nominal limits for benzene in spacecraft air<\/jats:italic>. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(7):544\u2013545.<\/jats:bold>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6222.2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T19:51:54Z","timestamp":1687549914000},"page":"544-545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Revisions to Acute\/Off-Nominal Limits for Benzene in Spacecraft Air"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Valerie Elizabeth","family":"Ryder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward Spencer","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants","first-page":"329","article-title":"Toluene","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Garcia HD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garcia HD\n\n. Toluene\n. In: National Research Council. \nSpacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants, Vol. 5\n. \nWashington (DC): National Academies Press; 2008\n; \n329\u2013347\n."},{"year":"2022","key":"B2","unstructured":"Human Health and Performance Directorate\n. Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for airborne contaminants. Houston (TX): National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 2022. [Accessed March 11, 2023]. Document JSC 20584. Available from \nhttps:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/exposure-guidelines-smacs-swegs\n."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants","first-page":"39","article-title":"Benzene","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"James JT","year":"1996","unstructured":"James JT\n\n, \n\nKaplan HL\n\n. Benzene\n. In: National Research Council. \nSpacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants, Vol. 2\n. \nWashington (DC): National Academy Press; 1996. 39\u2013104\n., Available from \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/5170"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants","first-page":"62","article-title":"Benzene","volume":"vol. 5","author":"Khan-Mayberry NN","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khan-Mayberry NN\n\n. Benzene\n. In: Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants, vol. 5\n. \nWashington (DC): National Academies Press; 2008\n; \n62\u201372\n. \n\n10.17226\/12529"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"Acta Physiol Hung","first-page":"349","article-title":"Changes in the rat\u2019s motor behaviour during 4-hr inhalation exposure to prenarcotic concentrations of benzene and its derivatives","volume":"67","author":"Moln\u00e1r J","year":"1986","unstructured":"Moln\u00e1r J\n\n, \n\nPaksy KA\n\n, \n\nN\u00e1ray M\n\n. Changes in the rat\u2019s motor behaviour during 4-hr inhalation exposure to prenarcotic concentrations of benzene and its derivatives\n. \nActa Physiol Hung\n. \n1986\n; \n67(3):349\u2013354."},{"year":"2009","key":"B6","unstructured":"NAS\/COT Subcommittee for AEGLs\n. Benzene (CAS Reg. No. 71-43-2). Interim acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs). Washington (DC): Environmental Protection Agency; 2009. [Accessed March 11, 2023]. Available from \nhttps:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2014-08\/documents\/benzene_interim_dec_2008_v1.pdf\n."},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Absorption and elimination of inhaled benzene in man","volume":"2","author":"Srbova J","year":"1950","unstructured":"Srbova J\n\n, \n\nTeisinger J\n\n, \n\nSkramovsky S\n\n. Absorption and elimination of inhaled benzene in man\n. \nArch Ind Hyg Occup Med\n. \n1950\n; \n2(1):1\u20138."}],"container-title":["Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/94\/7\/article-p544.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/94\/7\/article-p544.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/94\/7\/article-p544.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:37:25Z","timestamp":1728304645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/94\/7\/article-p544.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.6222.2023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-6314","2375-6322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-6314"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-6322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}}}