{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T20:34:50Z","timestamp":1784925290302,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold> Exploration beyond low Earth orbit requires innovative solutions to support the crew medically, especially as the opportunity for timely evacuation to Earth diminishes. This includes assessing the risks and benefits that a complicated medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) poses to the injured crewmember, the crew, and the mission. This qualitative study identifies common MEDEVAC risk assessment principles used in spaceflight and other extreme environments to better inform future risk assessment tools and exploration mission concepts.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> Semistructured interviews were conducted with subject matter experts in spaceflight and analog domains, including polar operations, undersea operations, combat medicine, and mountaineering. Transcripts were analyzed using the qualitative method of Thematic Analysis with the technique of consensus, co-occurrence, and comparison.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Subject matter experts described 18 themes divided into two main categories: Primary Risk Considerations (e.g., crew, mission, resources, time) and Contributing Factors (e.g., psychological considerations, medical preparation, politics).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold> Primary Risk Considerations can assess MEDEVAC risk across mission phases, with Contributing Factors acting as premission tools to adjust those risks. Inter- and intracategory connections identified medical support considerations, MEDEVAC support considerations, and philosophy as the most impactful Contributing Factors. Medical support considerations, psychological considerations, and political considerations were found to have unique aspects given the distances and societal impact of exploration vs. low Earth orbit spaceflight. The Contributing Factor theme of decision making was determined to be unique due to its impacts across both categories. These findings expand current considerations and are important inputs for exploration mission MEDEVAC Concepts of Operations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Almand A, Ko SY, Anderson A, Keller RJ, Zero M, Anderson AP, Laws JM, Lehnhardt K, Easter BD. <jats:italic>A qualitative investigation of space exploration medical evacuation risks<\/jats:italic>. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(12):875\u2013886.<\/jats:bold>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6262.2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T20:55:04Z","timestamp":1726174504000},"page":"875-886","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Qualitative Investigation of Space Exploration Medical Evacuation Risks"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Austin","family":"Almand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam Y.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison P.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Laws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Lehnhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Easter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Fundamental biological features of spaceflight: advancing the field to enable deep-space exploration","volume":"183","author":"Afshinnekoo E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afshinnekoo E\n\n, \n\nScott RT\n\n, \n\nMacKay MJ\n\n, \n\nPariset E\n\n, \n\nCekanaviciute E\n\n, \n\n Fundamental biological features of spaceflight: advancing the field to enable deep-space exploration\n. \nCell\n. \n2020\n; \n183(5):1162\u20131184. 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