{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T12:53:48Z","timestamp":1771851228318,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"3S","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold> This work provides details and references that help to quantify the benefits of using ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light for air disinfection in aircraft vs. the risk of overexposure to UV-C for passengers and crew. The analysis estimates that due to the combined transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Influenza A aboard commercial aircraft in the United States over the 3 yr through May 2023, there were on the order of 10,000 annual deaths, declining to 3,000\/yr going forward, with an estimated annual economic burden of $200 billion. Up to 80% of the deaths and economic burden might be saved by supplementing the typical 30 air changes per hour of the aircraft ventilation system with a presently available 120 air changes per hour, using a UV-C disinfection system. The risks due to accidental overexposure to UV-C are orders of magnitude lower than the benefits. The 0.00003% risk of acute (one-time) overexposure for any given passenger may (or may not) result in a 1\u20132-day skin or eye irritation, with no long-term effects or risks, compared to the 15,000 times greater risk, at 0.5%, of contracting coronavirus disease 19 or Influenza A that persists for several days to weeks, and carries a risk of hospitalization or death. The estimated risk of non-melanoma skin cancer is virtually nil.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Allen GR, Mills WD, Garcia DM. <jats:italic>Risk vs. benefit analysis of ultraviolet-C advanced aircraft disinfection<\/jats:italic>. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3S):A1\u2013A32.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6351.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:46Z","timestamp":1741046446000},"page":"A1-A32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk vs. Benefit Analysis of Ultraviolet-C Advanced Aircraft Disinfection"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Gary R.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From AeroClenz Inc., Fort Myers, FL, United States."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From AeroClenz Inc., Fort Myers, FL, United States."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From AeroClenz Inc., Fort Myers, FL, United States."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"ACGIH. 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