{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:18:12Z","timestamp":1790961492345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Spatial disorientation (SD) remains the leading contributor to Class A mishaps in the U.S. Navy, consistent with historical trends. Despite this, SD training for military aircrew is largely confined to the classroom and experiential training replicating SD illusions is limited and infrequent. Static flight simulators are most commonly used for training but offer no vestibular stimulation to the flight crew, omitting the source of vestibular-mediated SD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We first cover vestibular-mediated SD illusions which may be replicated through galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) in a static environment. GVS is a safe, reliable, low-cost avenue for providing vestibular sensory stimulation. We review the underlying mechanisms of GVS such as the excitement and inhibition of the afferent neurons innervating the vestibular system, particularly in the binaural bipolar electrode montage.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>APPLICATIONS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Two approaches for how GVS may be used to enhance SD training are examined. The first is a means for providing unreliable vestibular sensory perceptions to pilots, and the second details how GVS can be leveraged for replicating vestibular-mediated SD illusions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We recommend GVS be pursued as an enhancement to existing SD training. The ability to disorient aircrew in the safe training environment of a static flight simulator would allow for aircrew familiarization to SD, serving as an opportunity to practice life-saving checklist items to recover from SD. A repeatable training profile that could be worn by military aircrew in a static flight simulator may afford a low-cost training solution to the number one cause of fatalities in military aviation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Allred AR, Lippert AF, Wood SJ.\n                      <jats:italic>Galvanic vestibular stimulation advancements for spatial disorientation training<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(7):390\u2013398.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6362.2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T04:26:38Z","timestamp":1719289598000},"page":"390-398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Advancements for Spatial Disorientation Training"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Aaron R.","family":"Allred","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda F.","family":"Lippert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"B1","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"739","article-title":"Ten years of spatial disorientation in U.S. Army rotary-wing operations","volume":"83","author":"Gaydos SJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gaydos SJ, Harrigan MJ, Bushby AJR. 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