{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:50:23Z","timestamp":1791607823960,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> This article documents the stability of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in two astronauts during 6-mo missions to the International Space Station.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CASE REPORTS:<\/jats:bold> Ocular examinations including visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp examination, corneal topography, central corneal thickness, optical biometry (axial length\/keratometry), applanation tonometry, and dilated fundus examination were performed on each astronaut before and after their missions, and in-flight visual acuity testing was done on flight day 30, 90, and R-30 (30 d before return). They were also questioned regarding visual changes during flight.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold> We documented stable vision in both PRK and LASIK astronauts during liftoff, entry into microgravity, 6\u2009mo on the International Space Station, descent, and landing. Our results suggest that both PRK and LASIK are stable and well tolerated during long-duration spaceflight.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Gibson CR, Mader TH, Lipsky W, Schallhorn SC, Tarver WJ, Suresh R, Hauge TN, Brunstetter TJ. <jats:italic>Photorefractive keratectomy and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis on 6-month space missions<\/jats:italic>. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(5):278\u2013281.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6368.2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T04:44:35Z","timestamp":1715143475000},"page":"278-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Photorefractive Keratectomy and Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis on 6-Month Space Missions"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"C. Robert","family":"Gibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Mader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Lipsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Schallhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Tarver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler N.","family":"Hague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyson J.","family":"Brunstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Bryne VE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bryne VE, Gibson CR, Pierpoline KM. Development of an in flight vision self-assessment questionnaire for long duration space missions. Paper presented at the 18th International Academy of Astronautics: Humans in Space Symposium; April 11-15, 2011; Houston, TX. Houston (TX): Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 2010. Report No. NSC-CN-22065. [Accessed January 22, 2024]. Available from https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/citations\/20100039152."},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"Ophthalmologe","first-page":"697","article-title":"Self tonometry during the German 1993 Spacelab D2 mission","volume":"91","author":"Draeger J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Draeger J, Schwartz R, Groenhoff S, Stern C. Self tonometry during the German 1993 Spacelab D2 mission. Ophthalmologe. 1994; 91(5):697\u2013699 [in German]."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform","first-page":"48","article-title":"Implantable collamer lens use in a spaceflight participant during short duration spaceflight","volume":"94","author":"Gibson CR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gibson CR, Mader TH, Lipsky W, Brown DM, Jennings R,  Implantable collamer lens use in a spaceflight participant during short duration spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(1):48\u201350. 10.3357\/AMHP.6150.2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"B4","series-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg","first-page":"1486","article-title":"Visual stability of laser vision correction in an astronaut on a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station","volume":"38","author":"Gibson CR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gibson CR, Mader TH, Schallhorn SC, Pseudovs K, Lipsky W,  Visual stability of laser vision correction in an astronaut on a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012; 38(8):1486\u20131491. 10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.06.012"},{"issue":"5","key":"B5","series-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol","first-page":"553","article-title":"Association of long-duration spaceflight with anterior and posterior ocular structure changes in astronauts and their recovery","volume":"138","author":"Macias BR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Macias BR, Patel NB, Gibson CR, Samuels BC, Laurie SS,  Association of long-duration spaceflight with anterior and posterior ocular structure changes in astronauts and their recovery. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020; 138(5):553\u2013559. 10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0673"},{"issue":"8","key":"B6","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Refractive changes during 72-hour exposure to high altitude following refractive surgery","volume":"103","author":"Mader TH","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mader TH, Blanton CL, Gilbert BN, Kubis KC, Schallhorn SC,  Refractive changes during 72-hour exposure to high altitude following refractive surgery. Ophthalmology. 1996; 103(8):1188\u20131195. 10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30523-X"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"16","article-title":"Early evidence of vision impairment after long-duration spaceflight","author":"Mader TH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mader TH, Gibson CR. Early evidence of vision impairment after long-duration spaceflight. In: Macias BR, Liu JHK, Otto C, Hargens AR, editors. Intracranial pressure and its effect on vision in space and on Earth: vision impairment in space. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.; 2017:16\u201318. 10.1142\/9789814667111_0002"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"347","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and retinal vascular changes during transient exposure to microgravity","volume":"115","author":"Mader TH","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mader TH, Gibson CR, Caputo M, Hunter N, Taylor G,  Intraocular pressure and retinal vascular changes during transient exposure to microgravity. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993; 115(3):347\u2013350. 10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73586-X"},{"issue":"9","key":"B9","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"810","article-title":"Intraocular pressure, retinal vascular, and visual acuity changes during 48 hours of 10 degrees head-down tilt","volume":"61","author":"Mader TH","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mader TH, Taylor GR, Hunter N, Caputo M, Meehan RT. Intraocular pressure, retinal vascular, and visual acuity changes during 48 hours of 10 degrees head-down tilt. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1990; 61(9):810\u2013813."},{"issue":"2","key":"B10","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"253","article-title":"Four-year visual outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy in pilots with low-moderate myopia","volume":"100","author":"Moon CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moon CH. Four-year visual outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy in pilots with low-moderate myopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016; 100(2):253\u2013257. 10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306967"},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"542","article-title":"Refractive changes caused by hypoxia after laser in situ keratomileusis surgery","volume":"108","author":"Nelson ML","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nelson ML, Brady S, Mader TH, White LJ, Parmley VC, Winkle RK. Refractive changes caused by hypoxia after laser in situ keratomileusis surgery. Ophthalmology. 2001; 108(3):542\u2013544. 10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00592-3"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Clin Ophthalmol","first-page":"2305","article-title":"Main complications of photorefractive keratectomy and their management","volume":"13","author":"Spadea L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spadea L, Giovannetti F. Main complications of photorefractive keratectomy and their management. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019; 13:2305\u20132315. 10.2147\/OPTH.S233125"},{"issue":"4","key":"B13","series-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform","first-page":"396","article-title":"Optic disc edema in astronauts from a choroidal point of view","volume":"93","author":"Wostyn P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wostyn P, Gibson CR, Mader TH. Optic disc edema in astronauts from a choroidal point of view. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(4):396\u2013398. 10.3357\/AMHP.6010.2022"}],"container-title":["Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/95\/5\/article-p278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/95\/5\/article-p278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/95\/5\/article-p278.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:41:31Z","timestamp":1728304891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/95\/5\/article-p278.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.6368.2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-6314","2375-6322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-6314","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-6322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}