{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:40:01Z","timestamp":1747269601058,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold> The original spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for 2-propanol were established by NASA in 1996. 2-propanol is an irritant that may also cause central nervous system effects at high concentrations. Limits for 1 and 24\u2009h were set at 400 and 100\u2009ppm based on human exposure data. Limits for 7, 30, and 180 d were set at 60\u2009ppm using the same human data but further accounting for the small number of subjects.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> A literature search was conducted using keywords \u201cisopropyl alcohol\u201d and further narrowed with keywords \u201ctoxicity\u201d and \u201cinhalation.\u201d Additionally, studies cited in the development of occupational and acute exposure limits were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> While no new toxicity studies were identified since the SMACs were established, a study that was not previously discussed in the existing documentation was identified. The data suggest that the original SMACs remain relevant, and we chose only to increase the 24-h limit from 100 to 200\u2009ppm, the current occupational limit. We also determined that it is appropriate to apply the existing nominal SMAC of 60\u2009ppm to missions of 1000 d.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold> NASA is committed to ensuring that spacecraft limits for chemicals in air and water are based on the most recent evidence and risk assessment methodologies. As such, we periodically review historical limits to ensure they are both adequately protective and not overly restrictive. For this compound, there is no new evidence to indicate significant change is required.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Ryder VE. <jats:italic>Revisions to limits for 2-propanol in spacecraft air<\/jats:italic>. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):360\u2013362.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6601.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:08:39Z","timestamp":1743638919000},"page":"360-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisions to Limits for 2-Propanol in Spacecraft Air"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Valerie Elizabeth","family":"Ryder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants","first-page":"351","article-title":"B11 2-propanol","volume":"2","author":"James JT","year":"1996","unstructured":"James JT, Kaplan HL. B11 2-propanol. In: National Research Council, editors. Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants, vol. 2. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 1996:351\u2013372. [Accessed December 17, 2024]. Available from https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/5170\/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-2."},{"issue":"7","key":"B2","series-title":"J Ind Hyg Toxicol.","first-page":"282","article-title":"Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors","volume":"25","author":"Nelson KW","year":"1943","unstructured":"Nelson KW, Ege JF Jr., Ross M, Woodman LE, Silverman L. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 1943; 25(7):282\u2013285."},{"year":"2024","key":"B3","unstructured":"Lewis RE, editor. Exposure guidelines (SMACs and SWEGs). 2024. [Accessed December 17, 2024]. Available from https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/exposure-guidelines-smacs-swegs."},{"year":"2023","key":"B4","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA occupational chemical database: isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol). 2023. [Accessed December 17, 2024]. Available from https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/chemicaldata\/475."},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"J Appl Toxicol.","first-page":"205","article-title":"Acute effects of isopropyl alcohol exposure on the middle ear mucosa","volume":"7","author":"Ohashi Y","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Ikeoka H, Koshimo H, Esaki Y,  Acute effects of isopropyl alcohol exposure on the middle ear mucosa. J Appl Toxicol. 1987; 7(3):205\u2013211. 10.1002\/jat.2550070310"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Environ Res.","first-page":"25","article-title":"Toxicity of isopropyl alcohol exposure on the nasal mucociliary system in the guinea pig","volume":"46","author":"Ohashi Y","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Koshimo H, Esaki Y, Ikeoka H,  Toxicity of isopropyl alcohol exposure on the nasal mucociliary system in the guinea pig. Environ Res. 1988; 46(1):25\u201338. 10.1016\/S0013-9351(88)80056-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"J Appl Toxicol.","first-page":"67","article-title":"An experimental study on the respiratory toxicity of isopropyl alcohol","volume":"8","author":"Ohashi Y","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Ikeoka H, Koshimo H, Esaki Y,  An experimental study on the respiratory toxicity of isopropyl alcohol. J Appl Toxicol. 1988; 8(1):67\u201371. 10.1002\/jat.2550080111"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","series-title":"Arch Toxicol.","first-page":"12","article-title":"Recovery process of tracheal mucosa of guinea pigs exposed to isopropyl alcohol","volume":"61","author":"Ohashi Y","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Ikeoka H, Koshimo H, Esaki Y,  Recovery process of tracheal mucosa of guinea pigs exposed to isopropyl alcohol. Arch Toxicol. 1987; 61(1):12\u201320. 10.1007\/BF00324542"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"Br J Ind Med.","first-page":"160","article-title":"Isopropanol exposure: environmental and biological monitoring in a printing works","volume":"40","author":"Brugnone F","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brugnone F, Perbellini L, Apostoli P, Bellomi M, Caretta D. Isopropanol exposure: environmental and biological monitoring in a printing works. Br J Ind Med. 1983; 40(2):160\u2013168. 10.1136\/oem.40.2.160"}],"container-title":["Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/96\/4\/article-p360.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/96\/4\/article-p360.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/96\/4\/article-p360.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:03:00Z","timestamp":1747267380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/96\/4\/article-p360.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.6601.2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-6314","2375-6322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-6314"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-6322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}