{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:14:33Z","timestamp":1787062473386,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Pilots have an increased incidence of cutaneous melanoma compared to the general population; occupational exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of several potential risk factors. Cockpit windshields effectively block UVB (280\u2013315 nm) but further analysis is needed for UVA (315\u2013400 nm). The objective of this observational study was to assess transmission of UVA through cockpit windshields and to measure doses of UVA at pilots\u2019 skin under daytime flying conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A spectrometer was used to measure in-flight spectral transmission through each of the 6 cockpit windshields in 15 Airbus A320\/A321 jets, across 39 flights, most originating in or destined for Auckland, New Zealand. UVA- and UVA1-weighted dose rates were calculated from the recorded data.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    All front windshields blocked UVA effectively. Several cockpit side and rear windshields allowed transmission of UVA above approximately 350 nm. Diffuse, scattered light in the cockpit contributed negligible levels of UVA, but direct light through a poorly attenuating windshield allowed UVA1 (340\u2013400 nm) doses of up to 2.29 mW \u00b7 cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    on exposed skin. The use of shielding blinds on side windshields blocked UVA transmission effectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Aircraft windshield manufacturers should ensure consistent UVA blocking capability of all cockpit windshields. Pilots should be encouraged to wear sunscreen on exposed skin and use side windshield visors if skin is in the direct light beam. Given the variable performance of cockpit windshields, and increased rates of skin cancer among pilots, further research on other commercial jet aircraft types is recommended.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Emslie NA, Liley JB, Johnston P.\n                      <jats:italic>Pilot ultraviolet A exposures in the cockpit of flying commercial aircraft<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(9):803\u2013809.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6647.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:31:31Z","timestamp":1757464291000},"page":"803-809","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pilot Ultraviolet A Exposures in the Cockpit of Flying Commercial Aircraft"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Nicola A.","family":"Emslie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Ben","family":"Liley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"JAMA Dermatol.","first-page":"51","article-title":"The risk of melanoma in airline pilots and cabin crew: a meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Sanlorenzo M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanlorenzo M, Wehner MR, Linos E, Kornak J, Kainz W,  The risk of melanoma in airline pilots and cabin crew: a meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2015; 151(1):51\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Br J Dermatol.","first-page":"55","article-title":"Do airline pilots and cabin crew have raised risks of melanoma and other skin cancers? Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"181","author":"Miura K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miura K, Olsen CM, Rea S, Marsden J, Green AC. 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