{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:39:46Z","timestamp":1777084786520,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"\n INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold>\n Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) were previously developed for acetaldehyde in 1994. Acetaldehyde is commonly detected at low levels on the International Space Station, and at higher concentrations it might be expected to cause respiratory and eye irritation. Since 1994, numerous exposure studies in human volunteers and laboratory animals have deepened our understanding of potential effects associated with exposure to acetaldehyde vapor.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n A comprehensive literature search was conducted using principles of systematic review to identify toxicological data on acetaldehyde published since 1994. This search was supplemented by the use of summary sources for setting other safety values (i.e., safety values from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, occupational limits, etc.).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n There were 13 primary toxicology studies identified in this exercise, prompting a re-evaluation of SMACs for all durations. Though the toxicity of acetaldehyde has traditionally been understood as a function of the metabolism of ingested ethanol, scientific publications after 1994 greatly increased our understanding of the toxicological effects of inhaling acetaldehyde vapor. In particular, the development of a physiology-based pharmacokinetic model generated data that was critical to the development of updated SMAC values.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n The availability of newer data enabled the generation of SMACs for acetaldehyde that are markedly higher than the prior values. The shorter-duration SMACs increased by approximately 10-fold, and the longer-duration SMACs rose by twofold. The proposed values will appropriately protect astronaut health and performance and provide critical information for the design of life-support systems for low Earth orbit and beyond.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n Williams ES, Tapia CM, Ryder V.\n Revisions to spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for acetaldehyde<\/jats:italic>\n . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(11):1019\u20131023.\n <\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6726.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T21:31:00Z","timestamp":1763760660000},"page":"1019-1023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisions to Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Acetaldehyde"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Edward Spencer","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia Marie","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Ryder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Interim Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Acetaldehyde.","year":"2009","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 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Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2009. p. 20\u201340."},{"key":"B4","year":"1988","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Center for Environmental Assessment. IRIS Chemical Assessment Summary: Acetaldehyde; CASRN 75-07-0. Washington (DC): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1988."},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Inhal Toxicol.","first-page":"375","article-title":"A PBPK model for evaluating the impact of aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms on comparative rat and human nasal tissue acetaldehyde dosimetry","volume":"20","author":"Teeguarden JG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Teeguarden JG, Bogdanffy MS, Covington TR, Tan C, Jarabek AM. A PBPK model for evaluating the impact of aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms on comparative rat and human nasal tissue acetaldehyde dosimetry. 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Uptake of acetaldehyde vapor and aldehyde dehydrogenase levels in the upper respiratory tracts of the mouse, rat, hamster, and guinea pig. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997; 35(1):91\u2013100."},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"J Ind Hyg Toxicol.","first-page":"262","article-title":"Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors","volume":"28","author":"Silverman L","year":"1946","unstructured":"Silverman L, Schulte HF, First MW. Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 1946 Nov; 28(6):262\u20136."},{"issue":"15","key":"B9","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc.","first-page":"1908","article-title":"Effect of possible smog irritants on human subjects","volume":"165","author":"Sim VM","year":"1957","unstructured":"Sim VM, Pattle RE. Effect of possible smog irritants on human subjects. 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