{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:39:29Z","timestamp":1777084769100,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    1-Propanol is a volatile organic compound commonly used as a solvent for industrial and pharmaceutical products. It has been consistently detected at low concentrations in the International Space Station. Although there are published spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for its less toxic isomer 2-propanol, no SMACs were previously established for 1-propanol. This document reviews existing literature on 1-propanol inhalation toxicity to derive acute and long-term SMACs applicable to off-nominal and nominal scenarios, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Electronic databases and published literature were searched for relevant toxicity data on 1-propanol inhalation. Keywords \u201c1-propanol\u201d and \u201cn-propanol\u201d were used, and hits were further screened by the key phrase \u201cinhalation toxicity.\u201d\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Most studies identified were acute inhalation toxicity using animal models. Mice exposed to 3250 ppm of 1-propanol for 1.5\u20132 h experienced central nervous system depression mimicking alcohol intoxication. No adverse effects were reported in mice or rats exposed to 1600 ppm for 120 h, but exposure to 7000 ppm for 294 h resulted in reduced male fertility.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To preclude central nervous system depression, 1-h and 24-h SMACs for 1-propanol were set at 205 and 100 ppm, respectively. A limit of 60 ppm for 7 d was based on lack of effects at 1600 ppm for 120 h. SMACs for 30, 180, and 1000 d were set at 35 ppm to preserve male fertility. Resulting values are approximately half of the recently updated SMAC values for 2-propanol, which is consistent with the trend between the other published exposure limits of these two isomers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Ryder VE, Yap DA.\n                      <jats:italic>Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for 1-propanol<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):60\u201363.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6741.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:42:09Z","timestamp":1770730929000},"page":"60-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for 1-Propanol"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Valerie E.","family":"Ryder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianne A.","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Environmental health criteria 102 1-Propanol","year":"1990","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Environmental health criteria 102 1-Propanol. WHO; 1990. [Accessed October 16, 2024]. Available from https:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/ehc\/ehc\/ehc102.htm#PartNumber:6."},{"issue":"12","key":"B2","series-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol.","first-page":"975","article-title":"Poisoning with 1-propanol and 2-propanol","volume":"26","author":"Vujasinovic M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vujasinovic M, Kocar M, Kramer K, Bunc M, Brvar M. Poisoning with 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Dec; 26(12):975\u20138."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. n-Propanol. ACGIH; 2025. [Accessed May 12, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/www.acgih.org\/n-propanol\/."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"J Toxicol.","first-page":"9172569","article-title":"Evaluation of 1-propanol toxicity in B6C3F1 mice via repeated inhalation over 28 and 90 days","volume":"2020","author":"Cho E-S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cho E-S, Lee Y-H, Han J-H, Kim S-J, Park K-Y,  Evaluation of 1-propanol toxicity in B6C3F1 mice via repeated inhalation over 28 and 90 days. J Toxicol. 2020 Sep 24; 2020:9172569."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.","first-page":"4556","author":"Starrek E.","year":"1938","unstructured":"Starrek E. The effect of some alcohols, glycols, and esters [doctoral dissertation]. In: Clayton GD, Clayton, FE, editors. Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 2C, 3rd revised ed. New York (NY): Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons; 1938:4556\u201361."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J.","first-page":"95","article-title":"Range-finding toxicity data: List VI","volume":"23","author":"Smyth HF Jr","year":"1962","unstructured":"Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA. Range-finding toxicity data: List VI. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1962 Mar-Apr; 23:95\u2013107."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.","first-page":"4556","article-title":"Chapter 55: Alcohols","author":"Rowe VK","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rowe VK, McCollister SB. Chapter 55: Alcohols. In: Clayton GD, Clayton, FE, editors. Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 2C, 3rd revised ed. New York (NY): Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons; 1982:4556\u201361."},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Toxicol Res.","first-page":"285","article-title":"Four-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats","volume":"36","author":"Kim YS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim YS, Cho ES, Park KY, Lim CH. Four-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats. Toxicol Res. 2020 Jan 20; 36(4):285\u201392."},{"key":"B9","article-title":"European Chemicals Agency","unstructured":"Propan-1-ol Dossiers. European Chemicals Agency. [Accessed April 11, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/chem.echa.europa.eu\/100.000.679\/dossier-list\/reach\/dossiers\/active."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Toxicol Rep.","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats","volume":"8","author":"Kim YS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim YS, Park KY, Cho ES. Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats. Toxicol Rep. 2021 Nov 6; 8:1839\u201345."},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","series-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol.","first-page":"153","article-title":"Behavioral teratology investigation of 1-propanol administered by inhalation to rats","volume":"11","author":"Nelson BK","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nelson BK, Brightwell WS, Taylor BJ, Khan A, Burg JR,  Behavioral teratology investigation of 1-propanol administered by inhalation to rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1989; 11(2):153\u20139."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Department of Energy\/National Nuclear Security Administration","year":"2025","unstructured":"n-Propanol Protective Action Criteria (PAC) Values. Department of Energy\/National Nuclear Security Administration; updated January 6, 2025. [Accessed April 11, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/emhub1.energy.gov\/pacteel\/search#71-23-8."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for selected airborne contaminants.","first-page":"351","article-title":"B11 2-propanol","volume":"2","author":"James JT","year":"1996","unstructured":"James JT, Kaplan HL, National Research Council. B11 2-propanol. In: Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for selected airborne contaminants. Volume 2. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 1996:351\u201372."},{"key":"B14","article-title":"2-Propanol","unstructured":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 2-Propanol. ACGIH; 2025. [Accessed May 12, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/www.acgih.org\/2-propanol\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform.","first-page":"360","article-title":"Revisions to limits for 2-propanol in spacecraft air","volume":"96","author":"Ryder VE.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ryder VE. Revisions to limits for 2-propanol in spacecraft air. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(4):360\u20132."},{"key":"B1","article-title":"Environmental health criteria 102 1-Propanol","year":"1990","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Environmental health criteria 102 1-Propanol. WHO; 1990. [Accessed October 16, 2024]. Available from https:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/ehc\/ehc\/ehc102.htm#PartNumber:6."},{"issue":"12","key":"B2","series-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol.","first-page":"975","article-title":"Poisoning with 1-propanol and 2-propanol","volume":"26","author":"Vujasinovic M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vujasinovic M, Kocar M, Kramer K, Bunc M, Brvar M. Poisoning with 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Dec; 26(12):975\u20138."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. n-Propanol. ACGIH; 2025. [Accessed May 12, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/www.acgih.org\/n-propanol\/."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"J Toxicol.","first-page":"9172569","article-title":"Evaluation of 1-propanol toxicity in B6C3F1 mice via repeated inhalation over 28 and 90 days","volume":"2020","author":"Cho E-S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cho E-S, Lee Y-H, Han J-H, Kim S-J, Park K-Y,  Evaluation of 1-propanol toxicity in B6C3F1 mice via repeated inhalation over 28 and 90 days. J Toxicol. 2020 Sep 24; 2020:9172569."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.","first-page":"4556","author":"Starrek E.","year":"1938","unstructured":"Starrek E. The effect of some alcohols, glycols, and esters [doctoral dissertation]. In: Clayton GD, Clayton, FE, editors. Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 2C, 3rd revised ed. New York (NY): Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons; 1938:4556\u201361."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J.","first-page":"95","article-title":"Range-finding toxicity data: List VI","volume":"23","author":"Smyth HF Jr","year":"1962","unstructured":"Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA. Range-finding toxicity data: List VI. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1962 Mar-Apr; 23:95\u2013107."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.","first-page":"4556","article-title":"Chapter 55: Alcohols","author":"Rowe VK","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rowe VK, McCollister SB. Chapter 55: Alcohols. In: Clayton GD, Clayton, FE, editors. Patty\u2019s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 2C, 3rd revised ed. New York (NY): Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons; 1982:4556\u201361."},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Toxicol Res.","first-page":"285","article-title":"Four-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats","volume":"36","author":"Kim YS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim YS, Cho ES, Park KY, Lim CH. Four-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats. Toxicol Res. 2020 Jan 20; 36(4):285\u201392."},{"key":"B9","article-title":"European Chemicals Agency","unstructured":"Propan-1-ol Dossiers. European Chemicals Agency. [Accessed April 11, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/chem.echa.europa.eu\/100.000.679\/dossier-list\/reach\/dossiers\/active."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Toxicol Rep.","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats","volume":"8","author":"Kim YS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim YS, Park KY, Cho ES. Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats. Toxicol Rep. 2021 Nov 6; 8:1839\u201345."},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","series-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol.","first-page":"153","article-title":"Behavioral teratology investigation of 1-propanol administered by inhalation to rats","volume":"11","author":"Nelson BK","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nelson BK, Brightwell WS, Taylor BJ, Khan A, Burg JR,  Behavioral teratology investigation of 1-propanol administered by inhalation to rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1989; 11(2):153\u20139."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Department of Energy\/National Nuclear Security Administration","year":"2025","unstructured":"n-Propanol Protective Action Criteria (PAC) Values. Department of Energy\/National Nuclear Security Administration; updated January 6, 2025. [Accessed April 11, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/emhub1.energy.gov\/pacteel\/search#71-23-8."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for selected airborne contaminants.","first-page":"351","article-title":"B11 2-propanol","volume":"2","author":"James JT","year":"1996","unstructured":"James JT, Kaplan HL, National Research Council. B11 2-propanol. In: Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for selected airborne contaminants. Volume 2. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 1996:351\u201372."},{"key":"B14","article-title":"2-Propanol","unstructured":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 2-Propanol. ACGIH; 2025. [Accessed May 12, 2025]. Available from https:\/\/www.acgih.org\/2-propanol\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform.","first-page":"360","article-title":"Revisions to limits for 2-propanol in spacecraft air","volume":"96","author":"Ryder VE.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ryder VE. 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