{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:54:45Z","timestamp":1781744085182,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Neck pain is common and often persistent, especially among military pilots exposed to high physical demands during flight. These conditions may alter neuromuscular control, contributing to chronic symptoms. While surface electromyography can detect pain-related changes in muscle activity, little is known about these patterns during low-load exercises in pilots. This study identifies differences in cervical muscle activity between pilots and nonpilots with and without neck pain.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 18 military pilots and 23 control subjects were categorized into symptomatic and asymptomatic subgroups. All subjects performed one reference movement and seven standardized mobility exercises while surface electromyogram recorded the activity of the cervical muscles. Wavelet analysis was applied to assess frequency and intensity patterns.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Across the four subgroups, mean age ranged from 25.4 \u00b1 0.9\u201348.7 \u00b1 15.0 yr, mean body mass index from 24.1 \u00b1 2.3\u201327.2 \u00b1 3.4 kg \u00b7 m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and current Visual Analog Scale scores from 0.0 \u00b1 0.0\u20131.7 \u00b1 1.8. In symptomatic nonpilots, the left trapezius muscle showed notably lower firing intensity compared to symptomatic pilots across multiple exercises. Symptomatic pilots demonstrated predominant activity in the lower frequency bands (wavelets) compared to all other subgroups during shoulder movements.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These findings suggest that neck pain may be associated with reduced firing intensity and frequency shifts, potentially reflecting a protective adaptation. In pilots, this may help preserve function under load while minimizing further strain on cervical structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Rochelt J, Saba N, Bron D.\n                      <jats:italic>Differences in cervical muscle activity of pilots and nonpilots with and without neck pain<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(6):394\u2013402.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6774.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:31:02Z","timestamp":1780450262000},"page":"394-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in Cervical Muscle Activity of Pilots and Nonpilots With and Without Neck Pain"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Janine","family":"Rochelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Bron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"B1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.","first-page":"A1","article-title":"Neck pain: clinical practice guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association","volume":"38","author":"Childs JD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Childs JD, Cleland JA, Elliott JM, Teyhen DS, Wainner RS,  Neck pain: clinical practice guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008 Sep; 38(9):A1\u201334. Erratum in: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Apr; 39(4):297."},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"J Occup Environ Med.","first-page":"424","article-title":"Findings from the bone and joint decade 2000 to 2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders","volume":"52","author":"Haldeman S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haldeman S, Carroll L, Cassidy JD. Findings from the bone and joint decade 2000 to 2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. J Occup Environ Med. 2010 Apr; 52(4):424\u20137."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"S75","article-title":"Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders","volume":"33","author":"Carroll LJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, van der Velde G, Haldeman S, Holm LW,  Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Feb 15; 33(4 Suppl.):S75\u201382."},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"125","article-title":"Neck muscle activity in fighter pilots wearing night-vision equipment during simulated flight","volume":"84","author":"Ang BO","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ang BO, Kristoffersson M. Neck muscle activity in fighter pilots wearing night-vision equipment during simulated flight. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2013 Feb; 84(2):125\u201333."},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"375","article-title":"Neck strength and myoelectric fatigue in fighter and helicopter pilots with a history of neck pain","volume":"76","author":"Ang B","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ang B, Linder J, Harms-Ringdahl K. Neck strength and myoelectric fatigue in fighter and helicopter pilots with a history of neck pain. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005 Apr; 76(4):375\u201380."},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc.","first-page":"464","article-title":"Normative database of isometric cervical strength in a healthy population","volume":"34","author":"Garc\u00e9s GL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garc\u00e9s GL, Medina D, Milutinovic L, Garavote P, Guerado E. Normative database of isometric cervical strength in a healthy population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Mar; 34(3):464\u201370."},{"issue":"8","key":"B7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"E246","article-title":"Cervical electromyogram profile differences between patients of neck pain and control","volume":"32","author":"Kumar S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kumar S, Narayan Y, Prasad N, Shuaib A, Siddiqi ZA. Cervical electromyogram profile differences between patients of neck pain and control. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Apr 15; 32(8):E246\u201353."},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"556","article-title":"Muscle fatigue caused by repeated aerial combat maneuvering exercises","volume":"70","author":"Oksa J","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oksa J, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen O, Rissanen S, Salminen M, Kuronen P. Muscle fatigue caused by repeated aerial combat maneuvering exercises. 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The pain-adaptation model: a discussion of the relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain and motor activity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 May; 69(5):683\u201394."},{"issue":"10","key":"B18","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"947","article-title":"Neck strength and EMG activity in fighter pilots with episodic neck pain","volume":"79","author":"Lecompte J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lecompte J, Maisetti O, Guillaume A, Skalli W, Portero P. Neck strength and EMG activity in fighter pilots with episodic neck pain. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Oct; 79(10):947\u201352."},{"issue":"3","key":"B19","series-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther.","first-page":"141","article-title":"The Bournemouth Questionnaire: a short-form comprehensive outcome measure. II. Psychometric properties in neck pain patients","volume":"25","author":"Bolton JE","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bolton JE, Humphreys BK. The Bournemouth Questionnaire: a short-form comprehensive outcome measure. II. Psychometric properties in neck pain patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002 Mar-Apr; 25(3):141\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"B20","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol.","first-page":"433","article-title":"Intensity analysis in time-frequency space of surface myoelectric signals by wavelets of specified resolution","volume":"10","author":"von Tscharner V.","year":"2000","unstructured":"von Tscharner V. Intensity analysis in time-frequency space of surface myoelectric signals by wavelets of specified resolution. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2000 Dec; 10(6):433\u201345."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis \u2013 a perspective on current applications and future challenges.","article-title":"Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to","author":"Halaki M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halaki M, Ginn K. Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? In: Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis \u2013 a perspective on current applications and future challenges. IntechOpen; 2012; [Accessed 2025 May 20]. Available from https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/40113."},{"issue":"2","key":"B22","series-title":"Educ Res Rev.","first-page":"135","article-title":"Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research","volume":"6","author":"Richardson JTE.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson JTE. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. 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Exp Brain Res. 1997 Feb 1; 113(2):353\u201360."},{"issue":"6","key":"B25","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"520","article-title":"+GZ-induced neck injuries in Royal Australian Air Force fighter pilots","volume":"68","author":"Newman DG.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Newman DG. +GZ-induced neck injuries in Royal Australian Air Force fighter pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997 Jun; 68(6):520\u20134."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Advances in applied electromyography.","article-title":"Electromyography assessment of muscle recruitment strategies during high-intensity exercise","author":"Billaut F.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Billaut F. Electromyography assessment of muscle recruitment strategies during high-intensity exercise. In: Advances in applied electromyography. IntechOpen; 2011; [Accessed 2025 May 23]. 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Erratum in: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Apr; 39(4):297."},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","series-title":"J Occup Environ Med.","first-page":"424","article-title":"Findings from the bone and joint decade 2000 to 2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders","volume":"52","author":"Haldeman S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haldeman S, Carroll L, Cassidy JD. Findings from the bone and joint decade 2000 to 2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. J Occup Environ Med. 2010 Apr; 52(4):424\u20137."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"S75","article-title":"Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders","volume":"33","author":"Carroll LJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, van der Velde G, Haldeman S, Holm LW,  Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Feb 15; 33(4 Suppl.):S75\u201382."},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"125","article-title":"Neck muscle activity in fighter pilots wearing night-vision equipment during simulated flight","volume":"84","author":"Ang BO","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ang BO, Kristoffersson M. 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Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999 Jun; 70(6):556\u201360."},{"issue":"8","key":"B9","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol.","first-page":"1485","article-title":"The effects of accumulated muscle fatigue on the mechanomyographic waveform: implications for injury prediction","volume":"116","author":"Tosovic D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tosovic D, Than C, Brown JMM. The effects of accumulated muscle fatigue on the mechanomyographic waveform: implications for injury prediction. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Aug 1; 116(8):1485\u201394."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"J Physiol.","first-page":"451","article-title":"Reflex origin for the slowing of motoneurone firing rates in fatigue of human voluntary contractions","volume":"379","author":"Bigland-Ritchie BR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bigland-Ritchie BR, Dawson NJ, Johansson RS, Lippold OC. Reflex origin for the slowing of motoneurone firing rates in fatigue of human voluntary contractions. 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Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? In: Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis \u2013 a perspective on current applications and future challenges. IntechOpen; 2012; [Accessed 2025 May 20]. Available from https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/40113."},{"issue":"2","key":"B22","series-title":"Educ Res Rev.","first-page":"135","article-title":"Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research","volume":"6","author":"Richardson JTE.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson JTE. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. 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