{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:08:35Z","timestamp":1787026115252,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Spatial disorientation (SD) remains a persistent threat to aviation safety, particularly during transitions from visual to instrument meteorological conditions. This study investigated the physiological and cognitive effects of an induced SD illusion during simulated flight using multimodal sensor data.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Five instrument-rated fixed-wing pilots each completed two simulator flights, one containing decoupled motion cues designed to elicit SD. Physiological data were collected using electroencephalogram (EEG) and cardiorespiratory monitoring, while subjective cognitive load and situational awareness were measured with the NASA Task Load Index and Situational Awareness Rating Technique surveys. Data were analyzed using general linear models within a Bayesian framework, incorporating EEG power metrics and cardiorespiratory signals such as heart rate and respiratory rate.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Posterior inference identified increases of normalized heart rate by 0.87 and normalized respiratory rate by 0.46 during SD events, indicating sympathetic activation. F3 and F4 EEG channels exhibited asymmetrical signal changes during disorientation, with a normalized power difference of up to 0.86 compared to Fz. Comparative models showed the importance of residual covariance estimation for EEG data, with a difference in standard error of up to 71.3 between models. Performance metrics alone were insufficient to infer disorientation, as pilot performance varied independently of reported SD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Findings demonstrate that physiological data capture state changes during disorientation and support development of adaptive, low-intervention SD countermeasures. Results underscore the value of human-centered, data-driven analysis in aviation safety and provide a scalable framework for SD detection and mitigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Rouser BP, Rock LD, Paul RC, Jurewicz KA.\n                      <jats:italic>Characterizing spatial disorientation in flight simulation through electroencephalogram trends<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):84\u201392.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6793.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:44:27Z","timestamp":1770731067000},"page":"84-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterizing Spatial Disorientation in Flight Simulation Through Electroencephalogram Trends"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Brock P.","family":"Rouser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan D.","family":"Rock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherina A.","family":"Jurewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Ernsting\u2019s aviation medicine.","first-page":"433","article-title":"Spatial disorientation in flight","author":"Benson AJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Benson AJ, Stott JRR. Spatial disorientation in flight. In: Rainford DJ, Gradwell DP, editors. Ernsting\u2019s aviation medicine. 4th ed. London (UK): Hodder Education Publishers; 2006:433\u201358."},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"FAA Safety Briefing.","first-page":"13","article-title":"Blurred lines: recognizing the causes of spatial disorientation","volume":"54","author":"Woods S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Woods S. Blurred lines: recognizing the causes of spatial disorientation. FAA Safety Briefing. 2015 Sep-Oct; 54(5):13\u20136. [Accessed 2025 Nov. 17]. Available from https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/sites\/faa.gov\/files\/2022-01\/SepOct2015.pdf."},{"issue":"7","key":"B3","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"717","article-title":"Spatial disorientation: decades of pilot fatalities","volume":"82","author":"Gibb R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gibb R, Ercoline B, Scharff L. Spatial disorientation: decades of pilot fatalities. 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J Space Saf Eng. 2022 Dec; 9(4):561\u201370."},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"Int J Aviat Aeronaut Aerosp.","article-title":"Design, implementation, and testing of spatial disorientation scenarios in a modified hexapod motion simulator","volume":"12","author":"Hinckley J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hinckley J, Paul R, Rock L, Conner J, Loffi JM. Design, implementation, and testing of spatial disorientation scenarios in a modified hexapod motion simulator. Int J Aviat Aeronaut Aerosp. 2025; 12(2)."},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"J Aerosp Psychol.","first-page":"17","article-title":"Aviation-associated spatial disorientation and incidence of visual illusions survey in military pilots","volume":"31","author":"Gil-Cabrera J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gil-Cabrera J, Aguilera JF, Sanchez-Tena MA, Alvarez-Peregrina C, Valbuena-Iglesias C, Vj C-S. Aviation-associated spatial disorientation and incidence of visual illusions survey in military pilots. J Aerosp Psychol. 2021 Nov 23; 31(1):17\u201324."},{"issue":"10","key":"B8","series-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform.","first-page":"873","article-title":"Spatial disorientation influences on pilots\u2019 visual scanning and flight performance","volume":"89","author":"Ledegang WD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ledegang WD, Groen EL. Spatial disorientation influences on pilots\u2019 visual scanning and flight performance. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018 Oct; 89(10):873\u201382."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Hum Factors.","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of spatial disorientation on pilot mental workload and attentional focus","author":"Evertsen FW","year":"2025","unstructured":"Evertsen FW, Landman A, Groen EL, Houben MMJ, van Paassen MMR,  Quantifying the impact of spatial disorientation on pilot mental workload and attentional focus. 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