{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:39:55Z","timestamp":1777084795561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Aerospace Medical Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"\n INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:bold>\n Traditional assessment of the anti-G straining maneuver through foot pedal force measurements has limitations in capturing muscle engagement. This study evaluated surface electromyography (EMG) as an alternative tool during routine centrifuge qualification.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n There were 19 aircrew trainees who underwent centrifuge testing with concurrent EMG monitoring of 4 muscle groups and pedal force measurements during gradual onset runs and rapid onset runs. EMG data from lower limb and abdominal muscles were compared with pedal forces to assess correlation and timing differences across acceleration profiles.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n EMG\u2013pedal correlations were limited and profile dependent. Only right pedal force demonstrated consistent correlation with right vastus medialis activity across profiles (gradual onset:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.756; rapid onset +6 G\n z<\/jats:sub>\n :\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.620; rapid onset +8 G\n z<\/jats:sub>\n :\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.463). No significant correlations were observed between pedal forces and hamstring or abdominal muscle activity. Duration analysis showed systematic differences, with right pedal force duration (46.36 \u00b1 17.92 s) exceeding both rectus abdominis (28.98 \u00b1 17.27 s) and vastus medialis activation (38.35 \u00b1 14.90 s) during gradual onset runs. Rectus abdominis activation remained consistently lower than other muscles during rapid onset high-G exposure, reaching 48.67 \u00b1 20.45% maximum voluntary contraction at +8 G\n z<\/jats:sub>\n compared with 72.28\u201382.56% in other groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n DISCUSSION:<\/jats:bold>\n EMG provides more comprehensive assessment than pedal force alone, delineating muscle activation patterns and timing differences that conventional methods cannot detect. The profile-dependent correlations and duration discrepancies highlight limitations of foot pedal measurements. These findings support incorporating EMG into routine centrifuge qualification to improve assessment accuracy and enable more targeted training interventions.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n Woo JHA, Pollock RD, See B, Lim SWY.\n Electromyography vs. foot pedal force assessment during high-G centrifuge qualification testing<\/jats:italic>\n . Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):204\u2013209.\n <\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6826.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:57:38Z","timestamp":1773223058000},"page":"204-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electromyography vs. Foot Pedal Force Assessment During High-G Centrifuge Qualification Testing"],"prefix":"10.3357","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Jia Hao Alvin","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross D.","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn W. Y.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1911","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"12","article-title":"High-G training for fighter aircrew","volume":"59","author":"Gillingham KK","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gillingham KK, Fosdick JP. High-G training for fighter aircrew. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988 Jan; 59(1):12\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"126","article-title":"The effects of variations in the anti-G straining maneuver on blood pressure at +Gz acceleration","volume":"64","author":"MacDougall JD","year":"1993","unstructured":"MacDougall JD, McKelvie RS, Moroz DE, Moroz JS, Buick F. The effects of variations in the anti-G straining maneuver on blood pressure at +Gz acceleration. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1993 Feb; 64(2):126\u201331."},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"597","article-title":"Effect of muscle tensing on cerebral oxygen status during sustained high +Gz","volume":"73","author":"Kobayashi A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kobayashi A, Kikukawa A, Onozawa A. Effect of muscle tensing on cerebral oxygen status during sustained high +Gz. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002 Jun; 73(6):597\u2013600."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"40","article-title":"Paradigm changes in aeromedical support for the Republic of Singapore Air Force","author":"Gan WH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gan WH, Lim S. Paradigm changes in aeromedical support for the Republic of Singapore Air Force. POINTER Monograph 11. 2017:40\u20136. [Accessed 2025 Dec. 17]. Available from https:\/\/saftimi.spydus.com.sg\/cgi-bin\/spydus.exe\/ENQ\/OPAC\/BIBENQ?SETLVL=&BRN=129977."},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Appl Ergon.","first-page":"658","article-title":"Subjective stress factors in centrifuge training for military aircrews","volume":"43","author":"Lin P-C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin P-C, Wang J, Li S-C. Subjective stress factors in centrifuge training for military aircrews. Appl Ergon. 2012 Jul; 43(4):658\u201363."},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"J Appl Biomech.","first-page":"135","article-title":"The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics","volume":"13","author":"De Luca CJ.","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Luca CJ. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech. 1997 May; 13(2):135\u201363."},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"162","article-title":"An electromyographic assessment of the anti-G straining maneuver","volume":"75","author":"Chen HH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen HH, Wu YC, Kuo MD. An electromyographic assessment of the anti-G straining maneuver. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004 Feb; 75(2):162\u20137."},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"B8","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"626","article-title":"Muscle activity in pilots with and without pressure breathing during acceleration","volume":"74","author":"Fernandes L","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fernandes L, Linder J, Krock LP, Balldin UI, Harms-Ringdahl K. Muscle activity in pilots with and without pressure breathing during acceleration. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003 Jun; 74(6 Pt 1):626\u201332."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"European recommendations for surface electromyography: results of the SENIAM project.","article-title":"SENIAM \u2013 Deliverable 8","author":"Hermens HJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, SENIAM \u2013 Deliverable 8. In: Roessingh THD, editor. European recommendations for surface electromyography: results of the SENIAM project. Enschede (Netherlands): Roessingh Research and Development; 1999. [Accessed 2021 Oct. 30]. Available from http:\/\/www.seniam.org\/pdf\/contents8.PDF."},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol).","first-page":"44","article-title":"High-pass filtering to remove electrocardiographic interference from torso EMG recordings","volume":"8","author":"Redfern M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Redfern M, Hughes R, Chaffin D. High-pass filtering to remove electrocardiographic interference from torso EMG recordings. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 1993 Jan; 8(1):44\u20138."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis - a perspective on current applications and future challenges.","first-page":"175","article-title":"Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to","author":"Halaki M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halaki M, Gi K. Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? In: Naik GR, editor. Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis - a perspective on current applications and future challenges. London: IntechOpen Limited; 2012:175\u201394."},{"issue":"6","key":"B12","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"551","article-title":"Measurement of force exerted on footplates by centrifuge subjects","volume":"75","author":"Eliasz J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eliasz J, Mikuliszyn RS, Dere\u0144 M. Measurement of force exerted on footplates by centrifuge subjects. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004 Jun; 75(6):551\u20133."},{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"12","article-title":"High-G training for fighter aircrew","volume":"59","author":"Gillingham KK","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gillingham KK, Fosdick JP. High-G training for fighter aircrew. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988 Jan; 59(1):12\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"126","article-title":"The effects of variations in the anti-G straining maneuver on blood pressure at +Gz acceleration","volume":"64","author":"MacDougall JD","year":"1993","unstructured":"MacDougall JD, McKelvie RS, Moroz DE, Moroz JS, Buick F. The effects of variations in the anti-G straining maneuver on blood pressure at +Gz acceleration. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1993 Feb; 64(2):126\u201331."},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"597","article-title":"Effect of muscle tensing on cerebral oxygen status during sustained high +Gz","volume":"73","author":"Kobayashi A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kobayashi A, Kikukawa A, Onozawa A. Effect of muscle tensing on cerebral oxygen status during sustained high +Gz. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002 Jun; 73(6):597\u2013600."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"40","article-title":"Paradigm changes in aeromedical support for the Republic of Singapore Air Force","author":"Gan WH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gan WH, Lim S. Paradigm changes in aeromedical support for the Republic of Singapore Air Force. POINTER Monograph 11. 2017:40\u20136. [Accessed 2025 Dec. 17]. Available from https:\/\/saftimi.spydus.com.sg\/cgi-bin\/spydus.exe\/ENQ\/OPAC\/BIBENQ?SETLVL=&BRN=129977."},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Appl Ergon.","first-page":"658","article-title":"Subjective stress factors in centrifuge training for military aircrews","volume":"43","author":"Lin P-C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin P-C, Wang J, Li S-C. Subjective stress factors in centrifuge training for military aircrews. Appl Ergon. 2012 Jul; 43(4):658\u201363."},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"J Appl Biomech.","first-page":"135","article-title":"The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics","volume":"13","author":"De Luca CJ.","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Luca CJ. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech. 1997 May; 13(2):135\u201363."},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"162","article-title":"An electromyographic assessment of the anti-G straining maneuver","volume":"75","author":"Chen HH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen HH, Wu YC, Kuo MD. An electromyographic assessment of the anti-G straining maneuver. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004 Feb; 75(2):162\u20137."},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"B8","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"626","article-title":"Muscle activity in pilots with and without pressure breathing during acceleration","volume":"74","author":"Fernandes L","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fernandes L, Linder J, Krock LP, Balldin UI, Harms-Ringdahl K. Muscle activity in pilots with and without pressure breathing during acceleration. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003 Jun; 74(6 Pt 1):626\u201332."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"European recommendations for surface electromyography: results of the SENIAM project.","article-title":"SENIAM \u2013 Deliverable 8","author":"Hermens HJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, SENIAM \u2013 Deliverable 8. In: Roessingh THD, editor. European recommendations for surface electromyography: results of the SENIAM project. Enschede (Netherlands): Roessingh Research and Development; 1999. [Accessed 2021 Oct. 30]. Available from http:\/\/www.seniam.org\/pdf\/contents8.PDF."},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol).","first-page":"44","article-title":"High-pass filtering to remove electrocardiographic interference from torso EMG recordings","volume":"8","author":"Redfern M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Redfern M, Hughes R, Chaffin D. High-pass filtering to remove electrocardiographic interference from torso EMG recordings. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 1993 Jan; 8(1):44\u20138."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis - a perspective on current applications and future challenges.","first-page":"175","article-title":"Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to","author":"Halaki M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halaki M, Gi K. Normalization of EMG signals: to normalize or not to normalize and what to normalize to? In: Naik GR, editor. Computational intelligence in electromyography analysis - a perspective on current applications and future challenges. London: IntechOpen Limited; 2012:175\u201394."},{"issue":"6","key":"B12","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med.","first-page":"551","article-title":"Measurement of force exerted on footplates by centrifuge subjects","volume":"75","author":"Eliasz J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eliasz J, Mikuliszyn RS, Dere\u0144 M. Measurement of force exerted on footplates by centrifuge subjects. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004 Jun; 75(6):551\u20133."}],"container-title":["Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/97\/3\/article-p204.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/97\/3\/article-p204.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/amhp\/97\/3\/article-p204.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:59:13Z","timestamp":1777082353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asma.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/amhp\/97\/3\/article-p204.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.6826.2026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-6314","2375-6322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-6314","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-6322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}