{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:30:40Z","timestamp":1785364240239,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cell Physiol Biochem Press GmbH and Co KG","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NSG"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is a chronic autoimmune\ndisorder of the central nervous system, marked by unexpected episodes of neurological\nimpairment and inflammation. Peripheral inflammatory indicators are becoming recognized\nas noninvasive predictors of disease activity, progression, and subsequent assessment,\ncomplementing traditional clinical and radiographic evaluations. To examine the correlations\nbetween disease activity and peripheral inflammatory biomarkers\u2014interleukin-6 (IL-6),\ntumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), erythrocyte\nsedimentation rate (ESR), and serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL)\u2014in patients with\nrelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Methods: Prospective observational research\nencompassed 250 RRMS patients from January 2024 to May 2025, who attended Tikrit\nTeaching Hospital and private neurology clinics. Patients received baseline and 12-month MRI\nscans, together with a clinical evaluation utilizing the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS).\nInflammatory markers and sNfL were assessed in peripheral blood samples. Investigations\nwere conducted on the correlations among biomarkers, clinical impairment, and MRI lesion\nburden. Results: The average age of the population studied was 34.6 \u00b1 8.7 years, and 64% of\npatients were women. Elevation of IL-6 (4.8 \u00b1 2.0 pg\/mL), TNF-\u03b1 (6.1 \u00b1 2.3 pg\/mL), and hs-CRP\nand ESR sNfL (18.5 \u00b1 6.4 pg\/mL) with a positive correlation to EDSS score and MRI lesional\nload (p &lt; 0.05) was observed. MRI showed a reduction in inflammatory lesions, whereas the\nnumber of black T1 holes increased over 12 months (indicating ongoing neurodegeneration).\nConclusion: Soluble NfL, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 are convenient markers of inflammation to reflect\nsignal relay disease activity in RRMS. Their association with the clinical and radiographic\nfindings may assist in personalizing the therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33594\/000000814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:48:18Z","timestamp":1757749698000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Peripheral Inflammation as a Biomarker of Disease Activity in Relapsing-Remitting MS"],"prefix":"10.33594","volume":"32","author":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tikrit, Iraq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulsattar Hussein","family":"Abdullaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"container-title":["Neurosignals"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:48:18Z","timestamp":1757749698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.neuro-signals.com\/Articles\/000814\/index.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33594\/000000814","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-862X","1424-8638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-862X","type":"print"},{"value":"1424-8638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]]}}}