{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:20:50Z","timestamp":1770902450084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1524,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]],"date-time":"2015-06-06T21:10:50Z","timestamp":1433625050000},"page":"1802-1811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Innate immune response of pullets fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and synbiotics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Yitbarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Echeverry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Munyaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.C.","family":"Rodriguez-Lecompte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00244","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens","volume":"88","author":"Awad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112205","article-title":"Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a synbiotic containing Enterococcus faecium and oligosaccharides","volume":"9","author":"Awad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(02)00076-9","article-title":"Establishment of immune competence in the avian GALT during the immediate post-hatch period","volume":"27","author":"Bar-Shira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mog.0000182858.65927.81","article-title":"Synbiotics and the mucosal barrier in critically ill patients","volume":"21","author":"Bengmark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib6","volume":"1","author":"Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00025-11","article-title":"Expression of Tolllike receptor 4 and downstream effectors in selected cecal cell subpopulations of chicks resistant or susceptible to Salmonella carrier state","volume":"79","author":"Chausse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G568","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00201.2007","article-title":"Polyamines are required for expression of toll-like receptor 2 modulating intestinal epithelial barrier integrity","volume":"293","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033627","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of TLRs in leukocytes is associated with increased susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis in chickens","volume":"7","author":"Gou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.111","article-title":"CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity","volume":"16","author":"Grewal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8209-y","article-title":"Molecular interactions within the IL-6\/IL-12 cytokine\/receptor superfamily","volume":"51","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00489","article-title":"Effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and a Bifidobacteria lactis-based probiotic strain on the growth performance and fecal microflora of broiler chickens","volume":"87","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2005.25.467","article-title":"A genomic analysis of chicken cytokines and chemokines","volume":"25","author":"Kaiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2003.09.004","article-title":"Evolution of the interleukins","volume":"28","author":"Kaiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib17","series-title":"Avian Immunology","first-page":"189","article-title":"Avian cytokines and chemokines","author":"Kaiser","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400186","article-title":"Fungal beta-glucan, a dectin-1 ligand, promotes protection from type 1 diabetes by inducing regulatory innate immune response","volume":"193","author":"Karumuthil-Melethil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901921","article-title":"Chicken TLR21 is an innate CpG DNA receptor distinct from mammalian TLR9","volume":"185","author":"Keestra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9571(01)00035-2","article-title":"Dynamics of a protective avian inflammatory response: the role of an IL-8-like cytokine in the recruitment of heterophils to the site of organ invasion by Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"25","author":"Kogut","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.01.012","article-title":"CD40 ligand supports the long-term maintenance and differentiation of chicken B cells in culture","volume":"32","author":"Kothlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushr.v16.i1.10","article-title":"Innate immunity induced by fungal B-glucans via dectin-1 signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.009096","article-title":"Direct-fed microbials and their impact on the intestinal microffiora and immune system of chickens","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.001","article-title":"In ovo treatment with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides decreases colonization of Salmonella enteriditis in broiler chickens","volume":"127","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.11.2011","article-title":"CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in vivo regulate migration of antigen-bearing dendritic cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes","volume":"191","author":"Moodycliffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005103","article-title":"Probiotic alternatives to reduce gastrointestinal infections: The poultry experience","volume":"6","author":"Nava","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Health. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.4.627","article-title":"Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production","volume":"82","author":"Patterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02552.x","article-title":"Inflamed gut mucosa: downstream of interleukin-10","volume":"42","author":"Paul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005658330108","article-title":"Validities of mRNA quantification using recombinant RNA and recombinant DNA external calibration curves in real-time RTPCR","volume":"23","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.019","article-title":"Development in motion: Helper T cells at work","volume":"129","author":"Reiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4184","article-title":"The effect of microbial-nutrient interaction on the immune system of young chicks after early probiotic and organic acid administration","volume":"90","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lecompte","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.396S","article-title":"The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health","volume":"130","author":"Rolfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.153","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats","volume":"134","author":"Roller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib34","first-page":"263","article-title":"The Th1\/Th2 paradigm. Immunol","volume":"18","author":"Romagnani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Today"},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2675","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of chicken IL-10 and its role in the immune response to Eimeria maxima","volume":"173","author":"Rothwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206095","article-title":"The toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota","volume":"332","author":"Round","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.12.014","article-title":"Salmonella carrier-state in hens: study of host resistance by a gene expression approach","volume":"8","author":"Sadeyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04174","article-title":"Effect of yeast cell product (CitriStim) supplementation on turkey performance and intestinal immune cell parameters during an experimental lipopolysaccharide injection","volume":"93","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.7.4620","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates intracellular signaling without TNF-alpha release in response to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule","volume":"166","author":"Shoham","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.11.997","article-title":"Effects of synbiotics injected in ovo on regulation of immune-related gene expression in adult chickens","volume":"75","author":"Slawinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.2.143","article-title":"Regulation of interleukin (IL)-18 receptor alpha chain expression on CD4(+) T cells during T helper (Th)1\/Th2 differentiation. Critical downregulatory role of IL-4","volume":"194","author":"Smeltz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02727.x","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae- and Candida albicans-derived mannan induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by human monocytes in a CD14- and toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner","volume":"46","author":"Tada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00479","article-title":"Efficiency of a Lactobacillus plantarum-xylanase combination on growth performances, microflora populations, and nutrient digestibilities of broilers infected with Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"88","author":"Vandeplas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib44","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Role of intestinal epithelial cells in immune effects mediated by gram-positive probiotic bacteria: involvement of toll-like receptors","volume":"12","author":"Vinderola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03575","article-title":"Effect of supplementing direct-fed microbials on broiler performance, nutrient digestibilities, and immune responses","volume":"93","author":"Waititu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-02109","article-title":"Innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with Clostridium perfringens","volume":"91","author":"Yitbarek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.3382\/ps\/pev147_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03141","article-title":"Performance, histomorphology, and toll-like receptor, chemokine, and cytokine profile locally and systemically in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with yeast-derived macromolecules","volume":"92","author":"Yitbarek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579119322084?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579119322084?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ps\/article-pdf\/94\/8\/1802\/5471563\/pev147.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1758487771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579119322084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579119322084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pev147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Innate immune response of pullets fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and synbiotics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pev147","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}