{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:17:01Z","timestamp":1768094221457,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Appl. Math. Stat."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection is currently the major issue of public health in many nations, including Ghana. Therefore, to explore the effects of the two Tuberculosis strains on COVID-19, we suggest a Tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection model. The study also provides the most economical and effective control methods to reduce the co-infection of tuberculosis and COVID-19. Based on the behavioral patterns of the two Tuberculosis strains and COVID-19 reproduction numbers, the stability of the co-infection model is examined. We explore the sensitivity of the parameters to examine the effect of the drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strain of Tuberculosis on the co-infection of COVID-19. We determine the most cost-effective and optimal treatment strategies that aim to maximize outcomes while minimizing tuberculosis and\/or COVID-19 incidences, cost-effectiveness, and optimization approaches. The outcomes of this work contribute to a better understanding of Tuberculosis and COVID-19 epidemiology and provide insights into implementing interventions needed to minimize Tuberculosis and COVID-19 burden in similar settings worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2024.1373565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:19:11Z","timestamp":1715231951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mathematical modeling of two strains tuberculosis and COVID-19 vaccination model: a co-infection study with cost-effectiveness analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Raymond 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