{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:39:52Z","timestamp":1779230392831,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Appl. Math. Stat."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria remains a serious and potentially fatal vector-borne disease, consistently ranking among the world\u2019s deadliest infections. This study presents a systematic review of age-structured malaria transmission models. Articles were sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Research Gate Library, resulting in the identification and inclusion of eleven papers in the review. The findings highlight that children under the age of five are more susceptible to malaria than adults, due to their still-developing immune systems. The highest rates of morbidity and mortality are seen in youngsters, pregnant women, and people with impaired immune systems, making age structure a critical factor in the spread of malaria within populations. Personal protection and vector control are key strategies in reducing the transmission of malaria in communities. The study also suggests that the use of fractional operators in modeling could offer new insights into the dynamics of malaria transmission and potential control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2024.1512390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T06:47:30Z","timestamp":1734504450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A systematic review of age-structured malaria transmission models (2019\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dechasa Wegi","family":"Dinsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Temesgen Duressa","family":"Keno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chernet Tuge","family":"Deressa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564531","DOI":"10.1080\/25742558.2018.1564531","article-title":"Mathematical model of malaria transmission dynamics with distributed delay and a wide class of nonlinear incidence rates","volume":"5","author":"Koutou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent Math Stat"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-202","article-title":"Mathematical models of malaria\u2014a review","volume":"10","author":"Mandal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-1-14","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for health workers in Ethiopia 2nd edition","volume":"1","author":"Ababa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heal"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103081","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Nonrwa.2019.103081","article-title":"A global mathematical model of malaria transmission dynamics with structured mosquito population and temperature variations","volume":"53","author":"Traor\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8885558","article-title":"Analysis of the model on the effect of seasonal factors on malaria transmission dynamics","volume":"2020","author":"Yiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Math"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S179355712250005X","article-title":"Application of optimal control to the epidemiology of malaria","volume":"81","author":"Agusto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elect. J. Differ. Equations"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Jtbi.2012.12.007","article-title":"The impact of bed-net use on malaria prevalence","volume":"320","author":"Agusto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pmed.1003561","article-title":"The prevention and treatment of plasmodium Vivax malaria","volume":"18","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Biosystems.2010.12.010","article-title":"Impact of chemo-therapy on optimal control of malaria disease with infected immigrants","volume":"104","author":"Makinde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref12","author":"Abiodun","year":""},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1461-0248.2005.00879.X","article-title":"Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"Altizer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/Ijerph8030913","article-title":"Climate change and vector-borne diseases: an economic impact analysis of malaria in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Egbendewe-Mondzozo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1051\/Mmnp\/2020044","article-title":"Modeling the effect of temperature variability on malaria control strategies","volume":"15","author":"Garba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math Model Nat Phenom"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis","volume":"78","author":"Githeko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-022-18782-9","article-title":"Relationships between transmission of malaria in Africa and climate factors","volume":"12","author":"Mafwele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300030273","article-title":"The malaria problem in Mauritius: the bionomics of Mauritian Anophelines","volume":"38","author":"Jepson","year":"1947","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1146","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pone.0001146","article-title":"Unexpected high losses of Anopheles Gambiae larvae due to rainfall","volume":"2","author":"Paaijmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Mbs.2014.11.005","article-title":"Optimal control problems of epidemic systems with parameter uncertainties: application to a malaria two-age-classes transmission model with asymptomatic carriers","volume":"261","author":"Mwanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2020.1722265","article-title":"Modelling malaria dynamics with partial immunity and protected Travellers: optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"14","author":"Olaniyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Dyn"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.31826\/9781463222413-001","article-title":"American journal of philology","volume":"161","author":"Siehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caesar Cicero Ferrero"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103642","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Rinp.2020.103642","article-title":"Optimal control and sensitivity analysis for transmission dynamics of coronavirus","volume":"19","author":"Deressa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Phys"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/Epjp\/S13360-023-04163-2","article-title":"Role of incentives on the dynamics of infectious diseases: implications from a mathematical model","volume":"138","author":"Pal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/Epjp\/S13360-024-04997-4","article-title":"Examining the impact of incentives and vaccination on COVID-19 control in India: addressing environmental contamination and seasonal dynamics","volume":"139","author":"Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178324","article-title":"On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio R0 in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations","volume":"28","author":"Diekmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Crma.2005.07.015","article-title":"Stabilit\u00e9 Globale Et Asymptotique De L\u2019\u00e9quilibre Sans Maladie Des Mod\u00e8les \u00c9pid\u00e9miologiques","volume":"341","author":"Kamgang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Math"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"The epidemiology and control of malaria","author":"Macdonald","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/Bmj.1.2830.546","article-title":"Some a priori Pathometric equations","volume":"1","author":"Ross","year":"1915","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1137\/0152030","article-title":"Reproduction numbers and the stability of equilibria of SI models for heterogeneous populations","volume":"52","author":"Simon","year":"1992","journal-title":"SIAM J Appl Math"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002588","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Ppat.1002588","article-title":"Ross, Macdonald, and a theory for the dynamics and control of mosquito-transmitted pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6","article-title":"Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission","volume":"180","author":"Van Den Driessche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2012.073","article-title":"Malaria in children","volume":"4","author":"Schumacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medit J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Mbs.2013.10.011","article-title":"Mathematical analysis of an age-structured model for malaria transmission dynamics","volume":"247","author":"Forouzannia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Nonrwa.2015.01.001","article-title":"Global stability of an SEIR epidemic model with age-dependent latency and relapse","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nonlinear Anal Real World Appl"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1007\/S40314-017-0560-8","article-title":"Global dynamics of a vector-borne disease model with infection ages and general incidence rates","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Appl Math"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Nonrwa.2016.04.009","article-title":"Global dynamics for an age-structured epidemic model with media impact and incomplete vaccination","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/00036810903208122","article-title":"Lyapunov functional and global asymptotic stability for an infection-age model","volume":"89","author":"Magal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Anal"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1002\/Oca.2437","article-title":"Optimal control strategy of SEIR endemic model with continuous age-structure in the exposed and infectious classes","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optim Control Appl. Methods"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/Mma.4723","article-title":"Dynamics of an age-structured host-vector model for malaria transmission","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Math. Methods Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150013","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793962321500136","article-title":"A malaria model with Caputo-Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu derivatives","volume":"12","author":"Abboubakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Model Simul Sci Comput."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13662-021-03470-1","article-title":"Complex mathematical SIR model for spreading of COVID-19 virus with Mittag-Leffler kernel","volume":"2021","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Differ. Equations"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110224","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Chaos.2020.110224","article-title":"Lyapunov functions for fractional-order systems in biology: methods and applications","volume":"140","author":"Boukhouima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339024500256","article-title":"Exploring fractional dynamical probes in the context of gender-structured Hiv\u2013Tb coinfection: a study of control strategies","volume":"32","author":"Devi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biol Syst"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.9734\/Arjom\/2022\/V18i930409","article-title":"Global dynamics of fractional-order model for malaria disease transmission","author":"Helikumi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Res. J. Math"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/Epjp\/I2017-11717-0","article-title":"New numerical approximation of fractional derivative with non-local and non-singular kernel: application to chaotic models","volume":"132","author":"Toufik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Physa.2019.03.069","article-title":"New approaches to the fractional dynamics of schistosomiasis disease model","volume":"525","author":"Yavuz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Stat Mech Its Appl"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Aej.2021.10.031","article-title":"Dynamics of a fractional order Zika virus model with mutant","volume":"61","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Aej.2020.02.036","article-title":"An efficient numerical approach for space fractional partial differential equations","volume":"59","author":"Shikrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104114","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Rinp.2021.104114","article-title":"A fractional order differential equation model for hepatitis B virus with saturated incidence","volume":"24","author":"Simelane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Phys"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Chaos.2018.09.039","article-title":"A new fractional model for tuberculosis with relapse via Atangana\u2013Baleanu derivative","volume":"116","author":"Altaf Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/S13662-021-03334-8","article-title":"Analysis of Atangana\u2013Baleanu fractional-order SEAIR epidemic model with optimal control","volume":"2021","author":"Deressa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Differ Equations"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13662-019-2199-9","article-title":"A new fractional SIRS-SI malaria disease model with application of vaccines, antimalarial drugs, and spraying","volume":"2019","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Differ Equations"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122636","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Physa.2019.122636","article-title":"A fractional order model for hepatitis B virus with treatment via Atangana\u2013Baleanu derivative","volume":"538","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Stat Mech Appl"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/25765299.2021.1896423","article-title":"A fractional order model for the transmission dynamics of hepatitis B virus with two-age structure in the presence of vaccination","volume":"28","author":"Tilahun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/Bmj.N71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6652037","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of an age-structured malaria model in the sense of Atangana-Baleanu fractional operators","volume":"2024","author":"Menbiko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Undergrad Math"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3855146","article-title":"Analysis of age-structured mathematical model of malaria transmission dynamics via classical and ABC fractional operators","volume":"2024","author":"Gizaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Math Probl Eng"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2023.2199766","article-title":"Optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis of age-structured malaria model with asymptomatic carrier and temperature variability","volume":"17","author":"Kalula","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Dyn"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A mathematical model for studying the malaria transmission with age-structured populations. Application to some areas of Senegal","author":"Seck","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111216","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Chaos.2021.111216","article-title":"Global dynamics and optimal control of an age-structure malaria transmission model with vaccination and relapse","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.4314\/Tjs.V47i3.7","article-title":"An age-structured model for transmission dynamics of malaria with infected immigrants and asymptomatic carriers","volume":"47","author":"Kalula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tanzania J Sci"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Global dynamics of an age-structured malaria model with prevention","author":"Guo","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/Jamcs\/2019\/46649","article-title":"Analysis of an age-structured malaria model incorporating infants and pregnant women","volume":"30","author":"Azu-Tungmah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Math Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/Jamcs\/2019\/V30i630096","article-title":"Optimal control analysis of an age-structured malaria model incorporating children under five years and pregnant women","author":"Azu-Tungmah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Math Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100897","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Imu.2022.100897","article-title":"Dynamics of a two-group structured malaria transmission model","volume":"29","author":"Tchoumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inform Med Unlocked"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/S13721-022-00403-0","article-title":"Optimal control of a two-group malaria transmission model with vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Tchoumi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Netw Model Anal Heal Inform Bioinform"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fams.2024.1512390\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T06:47:34Z","timestamp":1734504454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fams.2024.1512390\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fams.2024.1512390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fams.2024.1512390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"article-number":"1512390"}}