{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:07:21Z","timestamp":1754161641199,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Appl. Math. Stat."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoid fever is a potentially fatal disease and endemic to most parts of the world. It is a serious worldwide health issue, especially in developing countries, and is typically spread via contaminated food, water, or drink. This work introduced an SIVR-B model to explore and predict the dynamics of typhoid disease in a community. The effective reproduction number (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>Eff<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) of the model is calculated by manipulating the next-generation method. Then, after we computed the Typhoid fever-free equilibrium and the typhoid fever persistence equilibrium points, we demonstrated the global asymptotic stability of the equilibria. The bifurcation analysis demonstrated that the formulated typhoid model exhibits a forward bifurcation at <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>Eff<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 1. Further, the sensitivity of parameters is performed using normalized forward sensitivity analysis and demonstrated using numerical simulation. The work demonstrated that higher typhoid vaccination rates have a pronounced effect on lowering disease transmission. From the results, we recommended policymakers and government stakeholders should enhance immunization efforts to effectively address the dynamics of typhoid fever transmission. In addition to improving vaccination efficacy, the research work recommends reducing poor drainage systems and improving water quality to reduce the infection number.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2025.1521177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:22:28Z","timestamp":1753766548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving immunization initiatives in the dynamics of a typhoid fever transmission model with environmental bacteria concentration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Haileyesus","family":"Tessema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yimer","family":"Zemenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Endlkachew","family":"Bizualem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Teshome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Control of Communicable Diseases Manual","year":"2008","author":"Heymann","key":"B1"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1088092","article-title":"A simple epidemiological model for typhoid with saturated incidence rate and treatment effect","volume":"6","author":"Mushayabasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Math Comput Sci."},{"volume-title":"Salmonella (Non-Typhoidal): World Health Organization","year":"2018","key":"B4"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.9790\/5728-1304026066","article-title":"Mathematical model for the control of typhoid fever","volume":"13","author":"Peter","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J Math."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(89)90081-3","article-title":"An epidemiological model for direct and indirect transmission of typhoid fever","volume":"96","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Guzm\u00e1n","year":"1989","journal-title":"Math Biosci."},{"volume-title":"Salmonella typhi","year":"2022","author":"Ashurst","key":"B7"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"371","article-title":"The economic benefits of surface water quality improvements in developing countries: a case study of davao, philippines","volume-title":"The Economics of Water Quality.","author":"Choe","year":"2019"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1086\/529146","article-title":"Epidemics of invasive Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and S. enterica Serovar typhimurium infection associated with multidrug resistance among adults and children in Malawi","volume":"46","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60294-3","article-title":"A first step in bringing typhoid fever out of the closet","volume":"379","author":"Maurice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.9756\/SIJCSEA\/V2I4\/0203250101","article-title":"SIICR model and simulation of the effects of carriers on the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever in kisii town kenya","volume":"2","author":"Chamuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"SIJ Trans Comput Sci Eng Appl."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.12988\/ijma.2015.412403","article-title":"A model on the impact of treating typhoid with antimalarial: dynamics of malaria concurrent and co-infection with typhoid","volume":"9","author":"Akinyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Math Anal."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijtam.20160202.30","article-title":"Modelling typhoid fever with education, vaccination and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Edward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng Math."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/jamcs\/2019\/v32i330144","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of typhoid fever disease incorporating unprotected humans in the spread dynamics","volume":"32","author":"Karunditu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Math Comput Sci."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"28396","article-title":"Mathematical model for transmission dynamics of typhoid fever with optimal control strategies","volume":"12","author":"Wameko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Indus Math"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42787-021-00125-8","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of the impact of treatment on the dynamics of typhoid","volume":"29","author":"Nyaberi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Egypt Math Soc."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3184","DOI":"10.1002\/jnm.3184","article-title":"Fractional-calculus analysis of the dynamics of typhoid fever with the effect of vaccination and carriers","volume":"37","author":"Jan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Numer Model Electron Netw Devices Fields."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6","article-title":"Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission","volume":"180","author":"Van den Driessche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Math Biosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1080\/09720502.2021.1958515","article-title":"Mathematical model of tuberculosis considering observed treatment and vaccination interventions","volume":"24","author":"Simorangkir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interdiscip Math."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2004.1.361","article-title":"Dynamical models of tuberculosis and their applications","volume":"1","author":"Castillo-Chavez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2021.01.011","article-title":"Mathematical modeling with optimal control analysis of social media addiction","volume":"6","author":"Alemneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1080\/09720502.2021.1874086","article-title":"Mathematical modeling and optimal control analysis of COVID-19 in Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Tilahun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interdiscip Math"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611970432","volume-title":"The Stability of Dynamical Systems","author":"La Salle","year":"1976"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2307\/1403510","article-title":"Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of complex models of disease transmission: an HIV model, as an example","volume":"62","author":"Blower","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Statistical Review\/Revue Internationale de Statistique"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"298","article-title":"Modeling the impact of screening and treatment on the dynamics of typhoid fever","volume":"14","author":"Nyerere","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Model Simul."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806585","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1806585","article-title":"A mathematical model analysis for the transmission dynamics of leptospirosis disease in human and rodent populations","volume":"2022","author":"Engida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7965232","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7965232","article-title":"Eco-epidemiological model and analysis of msv disease transmission dynamics in maize plant","volume":"24","author":"Alemneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Math Math Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fams.2025.1521177\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:22:29Z","timestamp":1753766549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fams.2025.1521177\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fams.2025.1521177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fams.2025.1521177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-4687"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2297-4687"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"article-number":"1521177"}}