{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:21:19Z","timestamp":1771928479357,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007567","name":"City University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Blockchain"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomedical data underpins scientific discovery, and open science offers the potential to accelerate innovation through the unrestricted sharing of knowledge, methodologies, and datasets. However, the open science dilemma persists, as researchers hesitate to share data due to privacy concerns, intellectual property risks, and lack of recognition. Stringent data privacy regulations further compound these challenges, limiting data sharing. To address these barriers, we propose the Cryptographic Open Science (COS) framework, integrating advanced technologies for secure, privacy-preserving, and incentivized data sharing. Blockchain technology provides immutable records of data ownership and usage, enhancing transparency and trust, while smart contracts automate access controls and enforce compliance. However, blockchain alone does not prevent loss of control over plaintext data once released. COS incorporates Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) to allow computations on encrypted data, ensuring end-to-end confidentiality and maintaining full ownership control. Recognizing that privacy alone does not incentivize sharing, COS introduces a crypto token-based system to create a market-driven flywheel. This system rewards contributors and aligns stakeholder interests, promoting active data sharing. By integrating blockchain, FHE, and token-based incentives, COS bridges the gap between the ideals of open science and the practical concerns of data providers, accelerating progress in fields like precision medicine and genomics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2025.1631217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T16:19:52Z","timestamp":1770049192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cryptographic open science: enabling secure and incentivized biomedical data sharing with web 3.0 technologies to overcome the open science dilemma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Medicine, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"DeSci Sino, Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Zhiyu DAO, KanDaoShanWei Technology Inc.","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeSci Sino, Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Open Security Research","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhiyu DAO, KanDaoShanWei Technology Inc.","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhiyu DAO, KanDaoShanWei Technology Inc.","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeSci Sino, Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengsu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Medicine, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Hardware acceleration of fully homomorphic encryption: making privacy-preserving machine learning practical","author":"Ahmad Al Badawi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz837","article-title":"Differential privacy under dependent tuples\u2014the case of genomic privacy","volume":"36","author":"Almadhoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/OBD.2016.11","volume-title":"2nd international conference on open and big data (OBD)","author":"Azaria","year":"2016"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan14020037","article-title":"Heterogeneity challenges of federated learning for future wireless communication networks","volume":"14","author":"Barona L\u00f3pez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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