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It combines: (i) a PRISMA-guided systematic review of empirical studies on DLT energy consumption; and (ii) benchmark values derived from continuously updated online monitoring sources, captured at defined access dates and fully documented in the . Comparable metrics are reported at the level of individual traceability events (kWh\/tx, gCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e\/tx, and USD\/tx) and are related to a realistic timber supply chain transaction model that was empirically validated in a pilot study. The results reveal substantial differences in sustainability performance across consensus mechanisms. Proof-of-Work (PoW) networks exhibit prohibitively high energy demand and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e emissions for frequent traceability notarizations. In contrast, Proof-of-Stake (PoS), PBFT-based, hybrid, and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) architectures enable low-energy and low-cost event logging. This study bridges the gap between established DLT sustainability research and the operational requirements of regulated forestry traceability by providing a transparent and reproducible benchmarking workflow that includes URLs, access dates and calculation spreadsheets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2026.1745200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:18:02Z","timestamp":1773307082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainability assessment of blockchain systems in timber supply chains: environmental and economic impacts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Stopfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Forest Operations, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences","place":["Meschede, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kaulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Timber Logistics and Data Management, German Centre for Forest Work and Technology (KWF)","place":["Gro\u00dfUmstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferr\u00e9ol","family":"Berendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Forest-Wood-Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development","place":["Eberswalde, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"De Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Forest Operations, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"P\u00fcls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation Department, Government of Swabia","place":["Augsburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Lier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences","place":["Meschede, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Transilvania University of Bra\u015fov","place":["Bra\u015fov, Romania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stelian Alexandru","family":"Borz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Transilvania University of Bra\u015fov","place":["Bra\u015fov, Romania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Hanewinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Purf\u00fcrst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Digitized Forestry Processes and Systems, Dresden University of Technology","place":["Dresden, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.26888.94722","article-title":"Final report digital product passports and EU regulation","author":"Albert","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A user authentication scheme of IoT devices using blockchain-enabled fog nodes","volume-title":"2018 IEEE\/ACS 15th international conference on computer systems and applications (AICCSA). 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