{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:50:15Z","timestamp":1778280615330,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["833389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) show increasing levels of automation, intelligence, and optimization capabilities. Both creators and adopters of these technologies emphasize the benefits: safety, cost-savings, and efficiencies. Existing literature under-represents the potential risks associated with the adoption of individually complex systems and interconnected Systems-of-Systems (SoS). Research primarily focuses on the potential benefits, and many recent deployments of new technology have received little rigorous scrutiny. The studies that do explore issues, such as cyber-attacks on CPS, often lack an analysis of the potential impact based on the way cyber-physical risks are communicated. Due to high levels of interaction and inter dependencies in CPS, disruptions in one sector can propagate to other sectors. The initial economic impacts may start locally but will often lead to global effects if response mechanisms prove insufficient. This case study aims to address a research gap in modeling, and quantifies how a cyber-attack, with physical consequences, can affect local and global trade if a single maritime port is affected. Additionally, to further understanding of the public's perception of risk about cyber-attacks and its emergent threat to global supply chains, members of the public were asked to react to the potential econometric losses. This study produced the five-part <jats:monospace>CyPEM<\/jats:monospace> (<jats:bold>Cy<\/jats:bold>ber <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>hysical <jats:bold>E<\/jats:bold>conometric <jats:bold>M<\/jats:bold>odel) that has the capability to translate a cyber-attack to an econometric loss. Each framework part may also be swapped out to analyze different CPS. With this, we discovered a gap in the perceptions of cyber-physical risk regarding maritime transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2022.1057507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T06:31:45Z","timestamp":1674455505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Quantifying the econometric loss of a cyber-physical attack on a seaport"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Tam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Hopcraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kemedi","family":"Moara-Nkwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"2022 State of the Third-Party Logistics Industry Report2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/35019019","article-title":"Error and attack tolerance of complex networks","volume":"406","author":"Albert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509","article-title":"Emergence of scaling in random networks","volume":"286","author":"Barab\u00e1si","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSOSE.2006.1652284","article-title":"\u201cSystem of systems-the meaning of of,\u201d","volume-title":"2006 IEEE\/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering","author":"Boardman","year":"2006"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2014.02.001","article-title":"Cyber supply chain risk management: Revolutionizing the strategic control of critical it systems","volume":"34","author":"Boyson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2495\/SAFE170301","article-title":"Ransomware in industrial control systems. what comes after wannacry and petya global attacks?","volume":"174","author":"Branquinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIT Trans. 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