{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:42:42Z","timestamp":1773387762375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of multiple interfaces may improve the perception of a stronger relationship between a conversational virtual coach and older adults. The purpose of this paper is to show the effect of output combinations [single-interface (chatbot, tangible coach), multi-interface (assignment, redundant-complementary)] of two distinct conversational agent interfaces (chatbot and tangible coach) on the eCoach-user relationship (closeness, commitment, complementarity) and the older adults' feeling of social presence of the eCoach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study was conducted with two different study settings: an online web survey and a face to face experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our online study with 59 seniors shows that the output modes in multi-interface redundant-complementary manner significantly improves the eCoach-user relationship and social presence of the eCoach compared to only using single-interfaces outputs. Whereas in our face to face experiment with 15 seniors, significant results were found only in terms of higher social presence of multi-interface redundant complementary manner compared to chatbot only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We also investigated the effect of each study design on our results, using both quantitative and qualitative methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1125895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T12:50:43Z","timestamp":1699879843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Older adults' perspectives on multimodal interaction with a conversational virtual coach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mira","family":"El Kamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Lalanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abou Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mugellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Genially2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72663-8","volume-title":"Digital Health Technology for Better Aging","author":"Andreoni","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"137","article-title":"\u201cSeniors' perception of smart speakers: challenges and opportunities elicited in the silver&home living lab,\u201d","volume-title":"Congress of the International Ergonomics Association","author":"Angelini","year":"2021"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies10020050","article-title":"The nestore e-coach: designing a multi-domain pathway to well-being in older age","volume":"10","author":"Angelini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0265-2","article-title":"Seriousness checks are useful to improve data validity in online research","volume":"45","author":"Aust","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. 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