{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:20:57Z","timestamp":1781335257490,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>FemTech, technology often in the forms of apps developed to specifically target female health issues, have billions of users globally. Yet, despite the popularity of e.g., period trackers or pregnancy apps, we know little about the potential impact of these technologies, often developed outside controlled and regulated healthcare. How interactive technology is designed, and in our case the cycle represented through the design, has the potential to shape women's understanding of menstruation. In this study we analyse the interaction design of nine of the most downloaded menstruation apps, asking how commercial menstruation apps represent the cycle through their interaction design. While previous research has criticized these types of apps for lacking privacy and for enforcing normative ideals on women, they are often marketed in terms of female empowerment and users do indeed seem to find them very useful for period and fertility tracking. However, the term 'empowerment' is today used broadly and is known for having many potential meanings. Even within the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), 'empowerment' is used frequently but rarely explicitly defined. The question then becomes what empowerment could mean for menstruation tracking. In order to begin exploring the way menstruation and the period is represented in current apps and the way that future apps could design for empowerment, we engage in a comparative design investigation using what we call<jats:italic>critical app-walkthrough methodology<\/jats:italic>where an app's design is explored comprehensibly at one point in time and apps interacted with over a longer time period through researcher use-diares. Our results center around three ways in which these apps represent the cycle to users through design. We analyse; (1) interface metaphors used to represent the temporality of bleeding, (2) datafication of menstruation through input and output for intimate data tracking, and (3) the ways fertility predictions convey certainty over uncertainty. In a second step, we then explore what empowerment could mean for period trackers and how design could support empowering experiences. Finally, we present four design sensitivities meant to inspire designers to design for other types of period tracking experiences that might better empower bleeders. These are:<jats:italic>support lived temporalities, embrace uncertainty, empower the self<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>design less<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1166210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1695288486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Reimagining the cycle: interaction in self-tracking period apps and menstrual empowerment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Tylstedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Normark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s13162-018-0130-2","article-title":"Empowerment in marketing: synthesis, critical review, and agenda for future research","volume":"9","author":"Bachouche","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMS Rev."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201c(Re-)Framing menopause experiences for HCI and design,\u201d","author":"Bardzell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Critical Theory and Interaction Design","author":"Bardzell","year":"2018"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5040\/9798216039792.ch-003","article-title":"\u201cThe medicalization of the menstrual cycle: menstruation as a disorder,\u201d","volume-title":"The Wrong Prescription for Women: How Medicine and Media Create a Need for Treatments, Drugs, and Surgery","author":"Barnack-Tavlaris","year":"2015"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6352.001.0001","volume-title":"Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences","author":"Bowker","year":"2000"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502107","article-title":"\u201cExploring uncertainty in digital scheduling, and the wider implications of unrepresented temporalities in HCI,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Bowler","year":"2022"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0152-7","article-title":"Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles","volume":"2","author":"Bull","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203828274","volume-title":"Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex","author":"Butler","year":"2011"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376471","article-title":"\u201cTouching and being in touch with the menstruating body,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Campo Woytuk","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312888","article-title":"Your period rules: design implications for period-positive technologies","volume":"19","author":"Campo Woytuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2010.01261.x","article-title":"Beyond control: body and self in womens childbearing narratives","volume":"32","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illness"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1397","author":"Clinch","year":"2014"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3274309","article-title":"Engaging with health data: the interplay between self-tracking activities and emotions in fertility struggles","volume":"2","author":"Costa Figueiredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Int."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.04.012","article-title":"How regular is regular? An analysis of menstrual cycle regularity","volume":"70","author":"Creinin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Osynliga Kvinnor: Hur Brist p\u00e5 Data Bygger en V\u00e4rld f\u00f6r M\u00e4n","author":"Criado Perez","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3492342","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue on first-person methods in HCI","volume":"28","author":"Desjardins","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Int."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2307\/3178151","article-title":"Feminism and empowerment: a critical reading of foucault","volume":"20","author":"Deveaux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Feminist Stu. ies"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11805.001.0001","volume-title":"Data Feminism","author":"D'Ignazio","year":"2020"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2015.1093422","article-title":"A quantified past: toward design for remembering with personal informatics","volume":"31","author":"Elsden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum.Comput. Int."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1145\/3432231","article-title":"Mapping and taking stock of the personal informatics literature","volume":"4","author":"Epstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Int. Mobile Wearable Ubiquit. Technol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6876","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025635","article-title":"\u201cExamining menstrual tracking to inform the design of personal informatics tools,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Epstein","year":"2017"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1145\/3173225.3173292","article-title":"\u201cCrimson wave: shedding light on menstrual health,\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Flemings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Twelfth Int. Conf. TangibleEmbedded Emb. Int."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0614-7_54","article-title":"\u201cMonitoring menses: design-based investigations of menstrual tracking applications,\u201d","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3323695","article-title":"\u201cVivewell: speculating near-future menstrual tracking through current data practices,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference","author":"Fox","year":"2019"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1145\/3397178","article-title":"Multiples over models: interrogating the past and collectively reimagining the future of menstrual sensemaking","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. \u2013Hum. Int."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Embodied Progress: A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception","author":"Franklin","year":"1997"},{"key":"B27","year":""},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1145\/1753846.1753910","article-title":"Critical gameplay: software studies in computer gameplay","volume":"10","author":"Grace","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-769X.2005.00231.x","article-title":"A philosophical analysis of the concept empowerment; the fundament of an education-programme to the frail elderly","volume":"6","author":"Hage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nursing Philos."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.02.017","article-title":"Empowerment in healthcare: a thematic synthesis and critical discussion of concept analyses of empowerment","volume":"103","author":"Halvorsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pat. Educ. Counsel."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2020.1845628","article-title":"Zuckerberg, get out of my uterus! An examination of fertility apps, data-sharing and remaking the female body as a digitalized reproductive subject","volume":"30","author":"Healy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gender Studies"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/00346764.2021.2018027","article-title":"Tales of self-empowerment through digital health technologies: a closer look at \u201cFemtech\u201d","volume":"80","author":"Hendl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Econ."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"A companion to American Womens History","author":"Hewitt","year":"2002"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-004-1814-8","article-title":"Creating assemblies in public environments: Social interaction, interactive exhibits and CSCW","volume":"14","author":"Hindmarsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Cooperat. Work"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"\u201cLocating theories of embodiment along three axes: 1st - 3d person, body-context, practice-cognition,\u201d HorneckerE. MarshallP. HurtienneJ. CHI 2017 workshop on Soma-Based Design Theory.2017"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Den M\u00f6rka Kontinenten : Kvinnan, Medicinen och fin-de-Si\u00e8cle","author":"Johannisson","year":"1994"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-011-0052-z","article-title":"The menstrual mark: menstruation as social stigma","volume":"68","author":"Johnston-Robledo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Human Reproductive Biology","author":"Jones","year":"2013"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Personal Information Management","author":"Jones","year":"2007"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2478\/nor-2019-0017","article-title":"A room of ones own?: Using period trackers to escape menstrual stigma","volume":"40","author":"Karlsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nordicom Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3404218","article-title":"Reimagining (Womens) health: HCI, gender and essentialised embodiment","volume":"27","author":"Keyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comp. Hum. Int."},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"KnickerbockerK. 2022"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection","author":"Kristeva","year":"1982"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb04830.x","article-title":"Normal variation in the length of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: effect of chronological age","volume":"91","author":"Lenton","year":"1984","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obst. Gynaecol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816675438","article-title":"The walkthrough method: an approach to the study of apps","volume":"20","author":"Light","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1145\/3301019.3319996","article-title":"\u201cA sample of one: first-person research methods in HCI,\u201d","author":"Lucero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Companion Publication of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2019 Companion. DIS 19: Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2019"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2399016.2399083","article-title":"\u201cReflections on norm-critical design efforts in online youth counselling,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design","author":"Lundmark","year":"2012"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2013.10","article-title":"The digitally engaged patient: Self-monitoring and self-care in the digital health era","volume":"11","author":"Lupton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Theor. Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/2686612.2686623","article-title":"Self-tracking cultures: towards a sociology of personal informatics","volume":"14","author":"Lupton","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"LuptonD."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.920528","article-title":"Quantified sex: a critical analysis of sexual and reproductive self-tracking using apps","volume":"17","author":"Lupton","year":"","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sexuality"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2016.1143726","article-title":"The diverse domains of quantified selves: self-tracking modes and dataveillance","volume":"45","author":"Lupton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Soc."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1145\/3197391.3205405","article-title":"\u201cMaxiFab: applied fabrication to advance period technologies,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems","author":"McDonald","year":"2018"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1332\/204986014X13987657343659","article-title":"Empowering the people: \u201cempowerment\u201d and the British Journal of Social Work, 1971\u201399","volume":"2","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Critic. Rad. Soc. Work"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445132","article-title":"\u201cCaring for intimate data in fertility technologies,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Mehrnezhad","year":"2021"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1145\/3549015.3554204","article-title":"\u201cVision: too little too late? do the risks of femtech already outweigh the benefits?\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 European Symposium on Usable Security","author":"Mehrnezhad","year":"2022"},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism, 1st Edn.","author":"Morozov","year":"2013"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10421.001.0001","volume-title":"Self-Tracking","author":"Neff","year":"2016"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2018.1541079","article-title":"Use of non-medical contraceptive methods: a survey of women in western Sweden","volume":"23","author":"Nilsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Eur. J. Contr. Rep. Health Care"},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"PaulK. How Private is Your Period-Tracking App? Not Very, Study Reveals. The Guardian2022"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nwh.2021.04.001","article-title":"An integrative review of fertility knowledge and fertility-awareness practices among women trying to conceive","volume":"25","author":"Perez Capotosto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Womens Health"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"25","article-title":"\u201cAutoethnography in human-computer interaction: theory and practice,\u201d","author":"Rapp","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Directions in Third Wave Human-Computer Interaction: Volume 2 \u2013 Methodologies"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102899","article-title":"How do people experience the temporality of everyday life changes? Towards the exploration of existential time in HCI","volume":"167","author":"Rapp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Huma.-Comput. Stu."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2017.1285704","article-title":"Know thyself: a theory of the self for personal informatics","volume":"32","author":"Rapp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Comput. Int."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919275","article-title":"Terms of empowerment\/exemplars of prevention: toward a theory for community psychology","volume":"15","author":"Rappaport","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Commun. Psychol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5210\/spir.v2020i0.11320","article-title":"Self-tracking \u201cfemtech\u201d: commodifying and disciplining the fertile female body","volume":"5","author":"Roetman","year":"2020","journal-title":"AoIR Select. Pap. Int. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557039","article-title":"\u201cPersonal tracking as lived informatics,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.","author":"Rooksby","year":"2014"},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"SchechnerS. SecadaM. 2019"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"1","author":"Schneider","year":"2018"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2012.14.4\/yschulz","article-title":"Time representations in social science","volume":"14","author":"Schulz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dial. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240636","article-title":"\u201cDo life-logging technologies support memory for the past? an experimental study using sensecam,\u201d","author":"Sellen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (CHI 07)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971485.2996748","article-title":"\u201cPeriodShare: A bloody design fiction,\u201d","author":"S\u00f8ndergaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction."},{"key":"B73","volume-title":"Reproductive Technologies: Gender, Motherhood, and Medicine.","author":"Stanworth","year":"1987"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ips\/olab025","article-title":"Periods, pregnancy, and peeing: leaky feminine bodies in swedish military marketing","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Poli. Sociol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376410","article-title":"\u201cCrafting personal information - resistance, imperfection, and self-creation in bullet journaling,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Tholander","year":"2020"},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"TinI. The Rise of a New Category: Femtech2016"},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"TinI. The Journey of a Single Data Point: What Happens When You Track Your Cycle2022"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517662","article-title":"\u201cRethinking menstrual trackers towards period-positive ecologies,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Tuli","year":"2022"},{"key":"B79","unstructured":"\u201cA generative modeling approach to calibrated predictions: a use case on menstrual cycle length prediction,\u201d in Proceedings of the 6th Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference535566 UrteagaI. LiK. SheaA. VutzthumJ. WigginsC. H. ElhadadN. Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference2021"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2021.1912607","article-title":"Existential time and historicity in interaction design","volume":"37","author":"Van Amstel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Comput. Int."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/14484528.2021.1971057","article-title":"From diaries to data doubles. self-tracking in dutch diaries (1780\u20131940)","volume":"19","author":"Vermeer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Writing"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180701409770","article-title":"From women and technology to gendered technoscience","volume":"10","author":"Wajcman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7271.1259","article-title":"The timing of the \u201cfertile window\u201d in the menstrual cycle: day specific estimates from a prospective study. BMJ","volume":"321","author":"Wilcox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Edn."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2015.1005671","article-title":"Ovulation monitoring and reproductive heterosex: living the conceptive imperative?","volume":"17","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sex."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.7146\/aahcc.v1i1.21146","article-title":"An anxious alliance","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aarhus Ser. Hum. Cent. Comput."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2752\/144871306X13966268131514","article-title":"Ontological designing","volume":"4","author":"Willis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Design Philos. Papers"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02506983","article-title":"Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations","volume":"23","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Commun. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1166210\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T15:41:26Z","timestamp":1730130086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1166210\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1166210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1166210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-9898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-9898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"article-number":"1166210"}}