{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T03:29:51Z","timestamp":1775791791077,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early diagnosis of pneumonia is crucial to increase the chances of survival and reduce the recovery time of the patient. Chest X-ray images, the most widely used method in practice, are challenging to classify. Our aim is to develop a machine learning tool that can accurately classify images as belonging to normal or infected individuals. A support vector machine (SVM) is attractive because binary classification can be represented as an optimization problem, in particular as a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) model, which, in turn, maps naturally to an Ising model, thereby making annealing\u2014classical, quantum, and hybrid\u2014an attractive approach to explore. In this study, we offer a comparison between different methods: (1) a classical state-of-the-art implementation of SVM (LibSVM); (2) solving SVM with a classical solver (Gurobi), with and without decomposition; (3) solving SVM with simulated annealing; (4) solving SVM with quantum annealing (D-Wave); and (5) solving SVM using Graver Augmented Multi-seed Algorithm (GAMA). GAMA is tried with several different numbers of Graver elements and a number of seeds using both simulating annealing and quantum annealing. We found that simulated annealing and GAMA (with simulated annealing) are comparable, provide accurate results quickly, competitive with LibSVM, and superior to Gurobi and quantum annealing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1286657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T05:43:30Z","timestamp":1704433410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pneumonia detection by binary classification: classical, quantum, and hybrid approaches for support vector machine (SVM)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sai Sakunthala","family":"Guddanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apurva","family":"Padhye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Prabhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sridhar","family":"Tayur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1902.04215","article-title":"Graver bases via quantum annealing with application to non-linear integer programs","author":"Alghassi","year":"","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]. arxiv:1902.04215"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1907.10930","article-title":"GAMA: a novel algorithm for non-convex integer programs","author":"Alghassi","year":"","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]. arxiv:1907.10930"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77980-1_7","article-title":"\u201cPerformance analysis of support vector machine implementations on the D-Wave quantum annealer,\u201d","volume-title":"Computational Science \u2013 ICCS 2021","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"BreviglieriP.\n          Pneumonia X-Ray Images2019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199","article-title":"LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Trans. 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