{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T03:17:12Z","timestamp":1774840632794,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>At the time of this writing, emerging Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) technologies, such as ChatGPT, Bard, and DALL-E, are shaping education. Despite their great potential for enhancing education, the discussion on the risks for the Society is an ongoing debate. Remote or distance education (DE) in developed countries has evolved in parallel to the permeation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). In Latin America (LATAM), a deep understanding of this interrelated evolution will encourage an efficient implementation of innovative policies, pedagogies, and technologies, including GenAI. This paper presents the historical development of DE in LATAM, drawing connections with milestones along the evolution of ICT in the region. This evolution is described across five generations: Correspondence, Audiovisual, ICTs-based, Web-based, and Interactive. Each generation offered incremental benefits to students, from flexibility and well-designed instructional materials to adaptive, interactive, and cost-effective education. This research encompassed a comprehensive search on Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Latindex, Dialnet, Redalyc, and SciELO with an historical approach. It yielded 97 peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports from recognized international organizations, published in Spanish or English and covering a period spanning from the end of the 19th century to the onset of COVID-19 lockdown. The analysis confirms the critical role of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in LATAM in supporting ICT integration, demonstrating a synergistic interplay with DE. Notwithstanding, the region\u2019s social inequality and digital divide have delayed the full deployment of DE\u2019s advantages, in comparison to USA and Europe. The paper exposes different scenarios and tech-educational requirements of DE, showcasing Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia, as well as other countries with smaller populations. Notably, by 2019, <jats:italic>Tecnologico de Monterrey<\/jats:italic> in Mexico, and <jats:italic>Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba<\/jats:italic> in Brazil have pioneered the implementation of the Fifth Generation of DE in the region. The findings of this research highlight the value of DE as a cost-effective solution to traditional education, addressing social barriers and broadening educational access in LATAM, especially during emergencies. This research poses significant implications that can equip digital technology providers, HEIs, governments, and policymakers as they navigate the ongoing educational challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1250992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T04:18:25Z","timestamp":1710303505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["From flexibility to adaptive learning: a pre-COVID-19 perspective on distance education in Latin America"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alan","family":"Miralrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Villota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Camacho-Zu\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5901\/jesr.2013.v3n9p127","article-title":"The role of ICT in teaching science education in schools","volume":"8","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Lett. Soc. Human. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-007-9060-8","article-title":"The Creation of OpenCourseWare at MIT","volume":"17","author":"Abelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"18","article-title":"A Methodology to Teach Complex Variable Concepts based on Visualization","author":"Acosta","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264209992-en","article-title":"E-learning in Higher Education in Latin America","volume":"20","author":"Aguilar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista historia de la educacion latinoamericana"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"151","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education: an Argument of Chat-GPT Use in Education","author":"Allam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Work in progress\u2014Use of immersive videos of virtual reality in education","author":"Alvarez","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"La educaci\u00f3n superior a distancia en Colombia: Visi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica y lineamientos para su gesti\u00f3n","author":"Alvarez","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Teaching and promoting web accessibility in virtual learning environments: A staff training experience in Latin-America","author":"Amado-Salvatierra","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.22518\/16578953.543","article-title":"Educaci\u00f3n y globalizaci\u00f3n: Una visi\u00f3n cr\u00edtica","volume":"16","author":"Avenda\u00f1o Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Civilizar Ciencias Sociales y Humanas"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"ICT in Latin America. A microdata analysis","author":"Balboni","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-50062018000200035","article-title":"Metodolog\u00eda PACIE en la Educaci\u00f3n Virtual: Una experiencia en la Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte","volume":"11","author":"Basantes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Formaci\u00f3n Universitaria"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1108\/09504121311320206","article-title":"Kahn Academy","volume":"27","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ref. Rev."},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Open Universities: A British Tradition?","author":"Bell","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"4","article-title":"Radio Sutatenza: Un modelo colombiano de industria cultural y educativa","volume":"46","author":"Bernal Alarc\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Cultural y Bibliogr\u00e1fico"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"La educaci\u00f3n a distancia en M\u00e9xico: Narrativa de una historia silenciosa. Distance education in Mexico. A narrative of a silent story","author":"Bosco","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2014.889400","article-title":"Augmented Reality in education \u2013 cases, places and potentials","volume":"51","author":"Bower","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educ. Media Int."},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"La educaci\u00f3n a distancia: caracter\u00edsticas, historia y potencialidad en Argentina","author":"Cabral","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning physics with virtual environment","author":"Calderon","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197396","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1197396","article-title":"Gains from the transition from face-to-face to digital\/online modality to improve education in emergency","volume":"8","author":"Camacho-Zu\u00f1iga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref9001","first-page":"81","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n de la educaci\u00f3n superior a distancia: desaf\u00edos y oportunidades para su gesti\u00f3n","author":"Castillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Virtual Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Soviet launch of sputnik: Sputnik-inspired educational reform and changes in private returns in America","author":"Cha","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.6018\/red\/48\/1","article-title":"La virtualizaci\u00f3n de la educaci\u00f3n superior en Am\u00e9rica Latina: Entre tendencias y paradigmas","volume":"48","author":"Chan-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (RED)"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"A59","article-title":"A historical literature review of Australian publications in the field of Academic Language and Learning in the 1980s: Themes, schemes, and schisms: Part Two","volume":"5","author":"Chanock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acad. Lang. Learn."},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"La inclusi\u00f3n en la educaci\u00f3n superior a distancia en Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe","author":"Ch\u00e1vez Maciel","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2021.1899877","article-title":"Support provided for K-12 teachers teaching remotely with technology during emergencies: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Crompton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Res. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref25","author":"da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Superior","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v20i4.4132","article-title":"Distance Education and the Open University of Brazil: History, Structure, and Challenges","volume":"20","author":"da Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-29297-3","volume-title":"Future skills: the future of learning and higher education","author":"Ehlers","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Field guide to learning management systems","author":"Ellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASTD Learn. Circuits"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.10130","article-title":"Gpts are gpts: An early look at the labor market impact potential of large language models","author":"Eloundou","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.6018\/red\/48\/2","article-title":"Presente y futuro latinoamericano de la ense\u00f1anza y el aprendizaje en entornos virtuales referidos a educaci\u00f3n universitaria","volume":"48","author":"Fainholc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (RED)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-020-00657-5","article-title":"Students\u2019 motivation and engagement in higher education: the importance of attitude to online learning","volume":"83","author":"Ferrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"High. Educ."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.22395\/angr.v17n33a12","article-title":"Implementaci\u00f3n de recursos audiovisuales como estrategia de validaci\u00f3n pedag\u00f3gica","volume":"17","author":"Forero Sandoval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anagramas Rumbos Sentidos Comun."},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"10","article-title":"A literature review on immersive virtual reality in education: State of the art and perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Freina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Sci. Conf. E-Learn. Softw. Educ."},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"8","article-title":"Historia de la Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","volume":"2","author":"Garc\u00eda Aretio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Revista Iboeroamericana de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5944\/reec.26.2015.15819","article-title":"Educaci\u00f3n a distancia, la perspectiva de la universidad en una sociedad en red. Una perspectiva desde las regiones de Am\u00e9rica Latina, El Caribe y Am\u00e9rica del Norte","author":"Garc\u00eda Aretio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Educaci\u00f3n Comparada"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Blended learning in higher education: Framework, principles, and guidelines","author":"Garrison","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/15344843211004027","article-title":"The Literature Review as an Exercise in Historical Thinking","volume":"20","author":"Georgiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"6","article-title":"El uso de las TIC para fomentar el autoaprendizaje en la educaci\u00f3n en M\u00e9xico","volume":"1","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Educativa-REIIE"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.23913\/ride.v9i17.385","article-title":"Dise\u00f1o de estrategias alternativas para el aprendizaje de la historia y geograf\u00eda. Caso: Telesecundaria en Tabasco\/Design of Alternative Strategies for the Knowledge of History and Geography. Case: Telesecundaria in Tabasco","volume":"9","author":"Gordillo Fuentes","year":"2018","journal-title":"RIDE Rev. Iberoam. Para Investig. El Desarro. Educ."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2012.06.004","article-title":"Schooling, educational achievement, and the Latin American growth puzzle","volume":"99","author":"Hanushek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13050446","article-title":"Unplugging for Student Success: Examining the Benefits of Disconnecting from Technology during COVID-19 Education for Emergency Planning","volume":"13","author":"Hosseini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Acceso y uso de tecnolog\u00edas de la informaci\u00f3n y la comunicaci\u00f3n. EPH","volume-title":"Ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Los primeros a\u00f1os de Internet en Am\u00e9rica Latina","volume":"16","author":"Islas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Raz\u00f3n y palabra"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-044894-7.00866-6","article-title":"Distance Education and Open Universities","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of Education","author":"Kanwar","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"15","article-title":"Origins and structures","volume-title":"Distance teaching for higher and adult education","author":"Kaye","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X07299197","article-title":"Defining a Literature","volume":"36","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Web-based instruction","author":"Khan","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Los inicios de Internet en M\u00e9xico","author":"Koenigsberger","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02195520","article-title":"France: The National Centre for Distance Teaching","volume":"18","author":"Lecourt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prospects"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.3749","article-title":"Systematic literature review on self-regulated learning in massive open online courses","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australas. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.9757\/Rhela.19.08","article-title":"Educa\u00e7\u00e3o virtual nas universidades: as contribui\u00e7\u00f5es da aprendizagem colaborativa","volume":"19","author":"Lupion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista Historia de la Educaci\u00f3n Latinoamericana"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.56059\/jl4d.v5i1.286","article-title":"Distance Education Leaders in Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"5","author":"Lupion Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Learn. Dev."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5753\/jis.2011.578","article-title":"Virtual reality and beyond: The LabTEVE at UFPB in Brazil","volume":"2","author":"Machado","year":"2011","journal-title":"SBC J. Interact. Syst."},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"140","article-title":"Sistema educativo radiof\u00f4nico de Bragan\u00e7a: educando jovens e adultos na Amaz\u00f4nia Bragantina (1960-1970)","volume":"21","author":"Maciel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. T\u00f3picos Educ."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802011000600001","article-title":"Medical education: Simulation and virtual reality","volume":"129","author":"Mariani","year":"2011","journal-title":"S\u00e3o Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1014-5","volume-title":"At a crossroads: Higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean","author":"Marta Ferreyra","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"15","article-title":"Experiences of advanced high school students in synchronous online recitations","volume":"20","author":"Mayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37221-7_29","article-title":"Higher Education Virtual Classrooms Applied to Learning Processes in Latin America","volume-title":"Technology, Sustainability and Educational Innovation (TSIE)","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Ortega","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"73","article-title":"Modelo colombiano de educaci\u00f3n abierta ya distancia SED","volume":"10","author":"Moreno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista Historia de la Educaci\u00f3n Colombiana"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"7","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n de la educaci\u00f3n a distancia y virtual a nivel de pregrado en Colombia 2017","volume":"6","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Ideales"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/23738871.2016.1157619","article-title":"The evolution of the Internet: From military experiment to General Purpose Technology","volume":"1","author":"Naughton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cyber Policy"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.17151\/rlee.2017.13.1.4","article-title":"Panorama de la educaci\u00f3n a distancia en M\u00e9xico","volume":"13","author":"Navarrete-Cazales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos (Colombia)"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/languages4020036","article-title":"Virtual Reality in the Teaching of FLE in a Brazilian Public School","volume":"4","author":"Nobrega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Languages"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"247","volume-title":"En The User\u2019s Directory of Computer Networks","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"E-learning in Higher Education in Latin America","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/0033039800170403","article-title":"The Status of Educational Technology in Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira","year":"1980","journal-title":"Program. Learn. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref68","author":"Oliveira","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.17231\/comsoc.30(2016).2505","article-title":"O r\u00e1dio educativo na percep\u00e7\u00e3o de professores da educa\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00e1sica \u2013 O caso r\u00e1dio escolar do Programa Mais Educa\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"30","author":"Patr\u00edcio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comun. E Soc."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.15446\/achsc.v42n1.51348","article-title":"Tecnolog\u00eda educativa radiof\u00f3nica en la frontera colombo-venezolana a mediados del siglo XX","volume":"42","author":"P\u00e9rez Pinz\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anu. Colomb. Hist. Soc. Cult."},{"key":"ref72","volume-title":"Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide","author":"Petticrew","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-017-0062-8","article-title":"Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education","volume":"12","author":"Popenici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Technol. Enhanc. Learn."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.7238\/rusc.v11i3.1729","article-title":"University virtualisation in Latin America","volume":"11","author":"Rama","year":"2014","journal-title":"RUSC Univ. Knowl. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.36888\/udual.universidades.2016.70.428","article-title":"La fase actual de expansi\u00f3n de la educaci\u00f3n en l\u00ednea o virtual en Am\u00e9rica Latina","volume":"70","author":"Rama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Universidades"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.7213\/1981-416X.17.054.DS02","article-title":"La tercera generaci\u00f3n de regulaciones de la educaci\u00f3n superior a distancia en Am\u00e9rica Latina","volume":"17","author":"Rama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Di\u00e1logo Educacional"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2304\/elea.2006.3.4.583","article-title":"Distance Education in Brazil and in the United States: A Comparative View","volume":"3","author":"Reifschneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"E-Learn. Digital Media"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1477971419842880","article-title":"Services and support for nontraditional students in higher education: A historical literature review","volume":"25","author":"Remenick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adult Contin. Educ."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.22507\/rli.v12n2a6","article-title":"Aprendizaje colaborativo mediante redes sociales y radio comunitaria web 2.0","volume":"12","author":"Rend\u00f3n L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Lasallista de investigaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"40","article-title":"Un sistema educativo digital para la Argentina","volume":"165","author":"Rivas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Work document"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7308-0_16","article-title":"MOOC in Latin America: Implementation and Lessons Learned","volume-title":"The 2nd International Workshop on Learning Technology for Education in Cloud","author":"Rizzardini","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9003","first-page":"1","article-title":"La Educaci\u00f3n Presencial, a Distancia y el uso de las TIC en Puerto Rico","volume":"37","author":"Robles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educaci\u00f3n Virtual y a Distancia en Puerto Rico"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"263","article-title":"Technologies that assist in online group work: A comparison of synchronous and asynchronous computer mediated communication technologies on students\u2019 learning and community","volume":"24","author":"Rockinson-Szapkiw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Multimedia Hypermedia"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2304\/rcie.2014.9.2.165","article-title":"Virtual Mobility as an Inclusion Strategy in Higher Education: Research on Distance Education Master Degrees in Europe, Latin America and Asia","volume":"9","author":"Ruiz-Corbella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Comp. Int. Educ."},{"key":"ref83","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref84","volume-title":"Enfoques estrat\u00e9gicos sobre las tics en educaci\u00f3n en Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe","author":"Severin","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Red digital: Revista de Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y Comunicaci\u00f3n Educativas","author":"Silvio","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref86","author":"Simonson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref87","author":"Sosa Silva","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref88","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref89","volume-title":"History of computers: Hardware and software development. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems","author":"Tatnall","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.2072","article-title":"Distance education technologies: The fourth generation","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Australas. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1344\/der.2020.37.208-229","article-title":"A Critical look at Educational Technology from a Distance Education Perspective","volume":"37","author":"Terry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digital Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"La educaci\u00f3n superior a distancia y virtual en Colombia: Nuevas realidades","author":"Toro","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18359\/ravi.2241","article-title":"La educaci\u00f3n a distancia como respuesta a las necesidades educativas del siglo XXI","volume":"10","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Academia y Virtualidad"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1590\/2238-38752019v9210","article-title":"Curt Lange y M\u00e1rio De Andrade: M\u00fasica, radiodifusi\u00f3n p\u00fablica y pol\u00edtica cultural en la d\u00e9cada de 1930","volume":"9","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol. Antropol."},{"key":"ref95","volume-title":"La educaci\u00f3n superior a distancia en Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe","author":"Torres","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"364","volume-title":"Anuario estad\u00edstico de la educaci\u00f3n superior colombiana (2010\u20132016)","author":"Tovar","year":""},{"key":"ref97","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref98","volume-title":"ICT in Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. A regional analysis of ICT integration and e-readiness","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"67","article-title":"Educaci\u00f3n virtual y sus configuraciones emergentes: Notas acerca del e-learning, b-learning y m-learning","volume":"3","author":"Verd\u00fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"H\u00e1blame de TIC"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"La educaci\u00f3n superior transfronteriza: Perspectivas y tendencias","volume":"11","author":"Vincent-Lacrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Innovaci\u00f3n Educativa"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v18i3.3034","article-title":"Designing and improving a blended synchronous learning environment: An educational design research","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distribut. Learn."},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"23","article-title":"Synchronous and asynchronous communication in distance learning: A review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Watts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quart. Rev. Dist. Educ."},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Principles for governing the Internet: a comparative analysis","author":"Weber","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref104","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref105","author":"Yong","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"81","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n de la educaci\u00f3n superior a distancia: Desaf\u00edos y oportunidades para su gesti\u00f3n","volume":"50","author":"Yong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Virtual Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203837474","volume-title":"Distance teaching for the third world: the lion and the clockwork mouse","author":"Young","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v13i3.1165","article-title":"The development of distance education in the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union","volume":"13","author":"Zawacki-Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Open Distrib. Learn."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100339","article-title":"Understanding the implementation of personalized learning: A research synthesis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref110","author":"Zubieta-Garc\u00eda","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1250992\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T04:18:49Z","timestamp":1710303529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1250992\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1250992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1250992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-9898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-9898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"article-number":"1250992"}}