{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T07:39:49Z","timestamp":1763105989371,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008238","name":"Hitachi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual agents (computer-graphics-based agents) have been developed for many purposes such as supporting the social life, mental care, education, and entertainment of both young and old people individuals. Promoting affective communication between young\/old users and agents requires clarifying subjective feelings induced by an agent's expressions. However, an emotional response model of agents to induce positive feelings has not been fully understood due to differences in emotion perception between young and old adults. We investigated subjective feelings induced when facing with a non-human computer-graphics-based agent's emotional responses in consideration of differences of emotion perception between young adults and old adults. To emphasize the differences in emotion perception, the agent's expressions were developed by adopting exaggerated human expressions. The differences in their emotion perception of happy, sadness, and angry between young and old participants were then identified through a preliminary experiment. Considering the differences in emotion perception, induced feelings when facing with the agent's expressions were analyzed from the three types of emotion sources of the participant, agent, and other, which was defined as subject and responsibility of induced emotion. The subjective feelings were evaluated using a subjective rating task with 139 young and 211 old participants. The response of the agent that most induced positive feelings was happy when participants felt happy, and that was sad when participants felt sad, regardless emotion sources in both young and old groups. The response that most induced positive feelings was sad when participants felt angry and emotion sources were participant and the agent, and that was angry when the emotion source was other. The emotion types of the response to induce most positive feelings were the same between the young and old participants, and the way to induce most positive feelings was not always to mimic the emotional expressions, which is a typical tendency of human responses. These findings suggest that a common agent response model can be developed for young and old people by combining an emotional mimicry model with a response model to induce positive feelings in users and promote natural and affective communication, considering age characteristics of emotion perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1321977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T04:31:57Z","timestamp":1706675517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Young and old persons' subjective feelings when facing with a non-human computer-graphics-based agent's emotional responses in consideration of differences in emotion perception"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Numata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Asa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Karasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"\u201cIntegrating the OCC model of emotions in embodied characters,\u201d","author":"Bartneck","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Workshop on Virtual Conversational Characters: Applications, Methods, and Research Challenges."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120905300205","article-title":"Emotion recognition of virtual agents facial expressions: the effects of age and emotion intensity","volume":"53","author":"Beer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Efgon. Soc. Ann. Meeting"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.11.005","article-title":"Younger and older users' recognition of virtual agent facial expressions","volume":"75","author":"Beer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(86)90004-6","article-title":"Syntactic persistence in language production","volume":"18","author":"Bock","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12071","article-title":"Is it what you do, or when you do it? The roles of contingency and similarity in pro-social effects on imitation","volume":"37","author":"Catmur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.6.893","article-title":"The chameleon effect: the perception\u2013behavior link and social interaction","volume":"76","author":"Chartrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Person. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077722","article-title":"Facial signs of emotional experience","volume":"39","author":"Ekman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Person. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.2.369","article-title":"The positive and negative effects of anger on dispute resolution: evidence from electronically mediated disputes","volume":"89","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.10.003","article-title":"Affect dynamics of facial EMG during continuous emotional experiences","volume":"139","author":"Golland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5278","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5278","article-title":"Effects of age on the identification of emotions in facial expressions: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Goncalves","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0213","article-title":"Virtual peacemakers: mimicry increases empathy in simulated contact with virutal outgroup members","volume":"17","author":"Hasler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000441","article-title":"Task characteristics influence facial emotion recognition age-effects: a meta-analytic review","volume":"35","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"243","article-title":"Study on deformation rule of personalized-avatar for producing sense of affinity","volume":"13","author":"Heike","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Inter. Soc."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.3.528","article-title":"Touch communicates distinct emotions","volume":"6","author":"Hertenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13675","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13675","article-title":"Who to whom and why: The social nature of emotional mimicry","volume":"58","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2018.2826921","article-title":"The perception of emotion in artificial agents","volume":"10","author":"Hortensius","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"287","article-title":"Origin and source of emotion as factors that modulate the scope of attention","volume":"16","author":"Imbir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Roczniki Psychol. Ann. Psychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.22.1.147","article-title":"Age differences in recognition of emotion in lexical stimuli and facial expressions","volume":"22","author":"Isaacowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020224","article-title":"\u201cAffective grounding in human-robot interaction,\u201d","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/026999396380312","article-title":"Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame, and guilt. A study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion","volume":"10","author":"Keltner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/026999396380312","article-title":"Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame, and guilt: a study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion","volume":"10","author":"Khawar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"3972","article-title":"\u201cA sociable robot to encourage social interaction among elderly,\u201d","author":"Kidd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108453","article-title":"Returning a smile: Initiating a social interaction with a facial emotional expression influences the evaluation of the expression received in return","volume":"175","author":"Kroczek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2015.1032195","article-title":"The face of the chameleon: the experience of facial mimicry for the mimicker and the mimickee","volume":"155","author":"Kulesza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1995.tb00974.x","article-title":"Facial EMG reactions to facial expressions: a case of facial emotional contagion?","volume":"36","author":"Lundqvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scandinavian J. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00295","article-title":"Intelligent virtual agent as language trainers facilitate multilingualism","volume":"5","author":"Macedonia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-014-9273-0","article-title":"Exaggerating facial expressions: a way to intensify emotion or a way to the uncanny valley?","volume":"6","author":"M\u00e4k\u00e4r\u00e4inen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.3.365","article-title":"Placing the face in context: cultural differences in the perception of facial emotion","volume":"94","author":"Masuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Person. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00075","article-title":"On the utilization of social animals as a model for social robotics","volume":"3","author":"Mikl\u00f3si","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.76.26","article-title":"Appraisal dimensions of emotions: an empirical integration of the previous findings","volume":"76","author":"Mitani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Japanese J. Psychol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1075\/is.18.2.01mol","article-title":"Individual differences are more important than the emotional category for the perception of emotional expressions","volume":"18","author":"Moltchanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inter. Stud."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01307","article-title":"Multiple-time-scale analysis of attention as revealed by EEG, NIRS, and pupil diameter signals during a free recall task: a multimodal measurement approach","volume":"13","author":"Numata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724679","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.724679","article-title":"Relationship between subjective ratings of answers and behavioral and autonomic nervous activities during creative problem-solving via online conversation","volume":"15","author":"Numata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62870-7","article-title":"Achieving affective human\u2013virtual agent communication by enabling virtual agents to imitate positive expression","volume":"10","author":"Numata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85483-8_71","article-title":"\u201cModeling the dynamics of virtual agent's cosial relations,\u201d","author":"Ochs","year":"2008","journal-title":"8th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbq007","article-title":"Effects of age and task difficulty on recognition of facial affect","author":"Orgeta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021820982165","article-title":"Age-related changes in gaze behaviour during social interaction: an eye-tracking study with an embodied conversational agent","volume":"74","author":"Pavic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quart. J. Exper. Psychol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1511\/2001.28.344","article-title":"The nature of emotions: human emotions have deep evolutionary roots, a fact that may explain their complexity and provide tools for clinical practice","volume":"89","author":"Plutchik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"11","article-title":"\u201cCognitive determinants of emotion: a structural theory,\u201d","volume-title":"Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 5. Emotions, relationships and health","author":"Roseman","year":"1984"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/87510","article-title":"Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: a PET investigation of agency","volume":"4","author":"Ruby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: implications for neuropsychological models of aging","volume":"32","author":"Ruffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01853","article-title":"Emotional empathy and facial mimicry for static and dynamic facial expressions of fear and disgust","volume":"7","author":"Rymarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"293","article-title":"\u201cOn the nature and function of emotion: a component process approach,\u201d","volume-title":"Approaches to Emotion","author":"Scherer","year":"1984"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01122","article-title":"Facial mimicry in its social setting","volume":"6","author":"Seibt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.48.4.813","article-title":"Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Person. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B46","article-title":"\u201cThe OCC model revisited,\u201d","author":"Steunebrink","year":"2009","journal-title":"The 4th Workshop on Emotion and Computing."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029367","article-title":"Aging and emotion recognition: not just a losing matter","volume":"27","author":"Sze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/02729890122062622","article-title":"2001 Visual analog scales: do they have a role in the measurement of preferences for health states?","volume":"21","author":"Torrance","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Making"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02358","article-title":"East Asian young and older adult perceptions of emotional faces from an age- and sex-fair east Asian facial expression database","volume":"9","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022582","article-title":"Convergent and divergent responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup","volume":"11","author":"van der Schalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emotion"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1321977\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T04:32:04Z","timestamp":1706675524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1321977\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1321977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1321977","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-9898"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2624-9898"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"article-number":"1321977"}}