{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:09:10Z","timestamp":1780974550004,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05105\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05105\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a study employing artificial intelligence (AI) to utilize computer vision algorithms for detecting human emotions in video content during user interactions with diverse visual stimuli. The research aims to unveil the creation of software capable of emotion detection by leveraging AI algorithms and image processing pipelines to identify users' facial expressions. The process involves assessing users through images and facilitating the implementation of computer vision algorithms aligned with psychological theories defining emotions and their recognizable features. The study demonstrates the feasibility of emotion recognition through convolutional neural networks (CNN) and software development and training based on facial expressions. The results highlight successful emotion identification; however, precision improvement necessitates further training for contexts with more diverse images and additional algorithms to distinguish closely related emotional patterns. The discussion and conclusions emphasize the potential of A.I. and computer vision algorithms in emotion detection, providing insights into software development, ongoing training, and the evolving landscape of emotion recognition technology. Further training is necessary for contexts with more diverse images, alongside additional algorithms that can effectively distinguish between facial expressions depicting closely related emotional patterns, enhancing certainty and accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1359471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:20:01Z","timestamp":1706707201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Facial emotion recognition through artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas A.","family":"Ballesteros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel M.","family":"Ram\u00edrez V.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Pelaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"AlbaladejoX.\n            D\u00edazJ. R.\n            QuesadaA. X.\n            IglesiasJ.\n          Proyectos agiles.org2021"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"BanafaA.\n          Qu\u00e9 es la computaci\u00f3n afectiva?2016"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Man-Machine Facial Recognition: Report on a Large-Scale Experiment. Technical Report PRI 22","author":"Bledsoe","year":"1966"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"CentenoI. D. P.\n          MTCNN Face Detection Implementation for TensorFlow, as a Pip Package2021"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"1251","article-title":"\u201cXception: deep learning with depthwise separable convolutions,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Chollet","year":"2017"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals","author":"Darwin","year":"1996"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.2.268","article-title":"Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: a reply to Russell's mistaken critique","volume":"115","author":"Ekman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch3","article-title":"Basic emotions","volume":"3","author":"Ekman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Handb. Cogn. Emot"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3875.86","article-title":"Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion","volume":"164","author":"Ekman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315086071","volume-title":"The Laws of Emotion","author":"Frijda","year":"2017"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"241","article-title":"La educaci\u00f3n emocional, el autoconcepto, la autoestima y su importancia en la infancia","volume":"44","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Estudios y propuestas socioeducativas"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s41649-022-00237-y","article-title":"The ethics of emotional artificial intelligence: a mixed method analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ghotbi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Bioethics Rev."},{"key":"B13","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Sampieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metodolog"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"FER2019"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"60","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020317","article-title":"Diagnosis of depressive disorder model on facial expression based on fast R-CNN","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818833","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.818833","article-title":"Deep learning based emotion recognition and visualization of figural representation","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Integral Image2023"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01330-7","article-title":"Commercial use of emotion artificial intelligence (AI): implications for psychiatry","volume":"24","author":"Monteith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatr. Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1511\/2001.28.334","article-title":"The nature of emotions","volume":"89","author":"Plutchik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Scientist"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10261-000","volume-title":"Circumplex Models of Personality and Emotions","author":"Plutchik","year":"1997"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714","article-title":"A circumplex model of effect","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511659911.015","article-title":"\u201cReading emotions from and into faces: resurrecting a dimensional-contextual perspective,\u201d","author":"Russell","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Psychology of Facial Expression"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2190\/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG","article-title":"Emotional Intelligence","volume":"9","author":"Salovey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Imag. Cogn. Personal"},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"SambareM.\n          Kraggle. FER-013. Learn Facial Expresions From a Image2023"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41136-6_5","article-title":"\u201cExplaining adaboost,\u201d","volume-title":"Empirical Inference: Festschrift in Honor of Vladimir N. Vapnik","author":"Schapire","year":"2013"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1409.1556","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"Simonyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"SotilD. A.\n          RPubs2022"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2023.2170478","article-title":"A concept for emotion recognition systems for children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities based on artificial intelligence using physiological and motion signals","author":"Tanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Research Methods in Physical Activity, 5th Edn","author":"Thomas","year":"2005"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.5201\/ipol.2014.104","article-title":"An analysis of the Viola-Jones face detection algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Image Process. Line"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2603342","article-title":"Joint face detection and alignment using multitask cascaded convolutional networks","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sign. Process. Lett"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024316","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1024316","article-title":"Cognitive psychology-based artificial intelligence review","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1359471\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:20:12Z","timestamp":1706707212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1359471\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1359471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1359471","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-9898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-9898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"article-number":"1359471"}}