{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:10:24Z","timestamp":1779102624824,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound-based mid-air haptic feedback has been demonstrated to be an effective way to receive in-vehicle information while reducing the driver's distraction. An important feature in communication between a driver and a car is receiving notifications (e.g., a warning alert). However, current configurations are not suitable for receiving notifications (haptic device on the center console requiring palmar feedback) as they force the driver to take their hands off-the-wheel and eyes off-the-road. In this paper, we propose \u201cknuckles notifications,\u201d a novel system that provides mid-air haptic notifications on the driver's dorsal hand while holding the steering wheel. We conducted a series of exploratory studies with engineers and UX designers to understand the perceptual space of the dorsal hand and design sensations associated with 4 in-car notifications (incoming call, incoming text message, navigation alert and driver assistant warning). We evaluated our system with driver participants and demonstrated that knuckles notifications were easily recognized (94% success rate) while not affecting the driving task, and mid-air sensations were not masked by background vibration simulating the car movement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1455201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T06:30:28Z","timestamp":1734676228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Knuckles notifications: mid-air haptic feedback on the dorsal hand for hands-on-the-wheel driving"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Montano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Pittera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Frier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orestis","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Cornelio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"326","article-title":"Power steering \u201croad feel.\u201d","volume":"1983","author":"Adams","year":"1983"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cGesturing on the steering wheel: a user-elicited taxonomy,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI '14","author":"Angelini","year":"2014"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1139","article-title":"\u201cYou can touch, but you can't look: interacting with in-vehicle systems,\u201d","author":"Bach","year":"2008"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12544","article-title":"Pavement performance assessment using a cost-effective wireless accelerometer system","volume":"35","author":"Bajwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Aid. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Safety of High-Intensity Ultrasound","author":"Battista","year":"2022"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"35","article-title":"\u201cWhen to use fisher's exact test,\u201d","volume-title":"American Society for Quality, Six Sigma Forum Magazine, Vol. 2","author":"Bower","year":"2003"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04043-6_5","article-title":"\u201cAugmenting automotive gesture infotainment interfaces through mid-air haptic icon design,\u201d","volume-title":"Ultrasound Mid-Air Haptics for Touchless Interfaces","author":"Brown","year":"2022"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"54","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"48","article-title":"\u201cVR book: a tangible interface for smartphone-based virtual reality,\u201d","volume-title":"MobiQuitous 2020\u201417th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, MobiQuitous '20","author":"Cardoso","year":"2021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1145\/2501988.2502018","article-title":"\u201cUltrahaptics: multi-point mid-air haptic feedback for touch surfaces,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST\u201413","author":"Carter","year":"2013"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/CEWIT.2014.7021141","article-title":"\u201cEnhancing human responses through augmented reality head-up display in vehicular environment,\u201d","volume-title":"2014 11th International Conference and Expo on Emerging Technologies for a Smarter World (CEWIT)","author":"Charissis","year":"2014"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cVRSketchin: exploring the design space of pen and tablet interaction for 3D sketching in virtual reality,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '20","author":"Drey","year":"2020"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580927","article-title":"\u201cInfinitepaint: painting in virtual reality with passive haptics using wet brushes and a physical proxy canvas,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '23","author":"Fender","year":"2023"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1145\/3544999.3552536","article-title":"\u201cToo much of a good thing: When in-car driver assistance notifications become too much,\u201d","volume-title":"AutomotiveUI '22","author":"Ferwerda","year":"2022"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580762","article-title":"\u201cAutonomous is not enough: Designing multisensory mid-air gestures for vehicle interactions among people with visual impairments,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '23","author":"Fink","year":"2023"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"270","article-title":"\u201cUsing spatiotemporal modulation to draw tactile patterns in mid-air,\u201d","volume-title":"International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications","author":"Frier","year":"2018"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"233","article-title":"\u201cHaptic in-vehicle gesture controls,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications Adjunct, AutomotiveUI '17","author":"Georgiou","year":"2017"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174232","article-title":"\u201cWhiskers: exploring the use of ultrasonic haptic cues on the face,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Gil","year":"2018"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1145\/1268517.1268535","article-title":"\u201cEyes on the road, hands on the wheel: thumb-based interaction techniques for input on steering wheels,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2007"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581335","article-title":"\u201cIn-vehicle performance and distraction for midair and touch directional gestures,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '23","author":"Hafizi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"11","article-title":"\u201cExploring the use of mid-air ultrasonic feedback to enhance automotive user interfaces,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI '18","author":"Harrington","year":"2018"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2015.7131749","article-title":"\u201cFreehand vs. micro gestures in the car: driving performance and user experience,\u201d","volume-title":"2015 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI)","author":"H\u00e4uslschmid","year":"2015"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267096","DOI":"10.1109\/toh.2023.3267096","article-title":"Can we effectively combine tangibles and ultrasound mid-air haptics? a study of acoustically transparent tangible surfaces","volume":"2023","author":"Howard","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hapt"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474732","article-title":"\u201cLipnoTif: use of lips as a non-contact tactile notification interface based on ultrasonic tactile presentation,\u201d","volume-title":"The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST '21","author":"Jingu","year":"2021"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2621","article-title":"Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks","volume":"10","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012619","article-title":"Tactile sensibility in the human hand: relative and absolute densities of four types of mechanoreceptive units in glabrous skin","volume":"286","author":"Johansson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112969","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3002775","article-title":"A cascaded multimodal natural user interface to reduce driver distraction","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2020.2972537","article-title":"Mid-air tactile feedback co-located with virtual touchscreen improves dual-task performance","volume":"13","author":"Korres","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hapt"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2017.12.008","article-title":"The caustic in the acoustics of historic interiors","volume":"133","author":"Kulowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3485279.3485292","article-title":"\u201cSelection performance using a smartphone in VR with redirected input,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction, SUI '21","author":"Kyian","year":"2021"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642417","article-title":"\u201cUltrasonic mid-air haptics on the face: effects of lateral modulation frequency and amplitude on users' responses,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '24","author":"Lan","year":"2024"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102909","article-title":"Feel the noise: mid-air ultrasound haptics as a novel human-vehicle interaction paradigm","volume":"81","author":"Large","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642522","article-title":"\u201cDesigning distinguishable mid-air ultrasound tactons with temporal parameters,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '24","author":"Lim","year":"2024"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.06.002","article-title":"Comparison of head-up display (HUD) vs. head-down display (HDD): driving performance of commercial vehicle operators in Taiwan","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Vibration Exposure of the Glabrous Skin of the Human Hand","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"1985"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129951","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3112240","article-title":"Does augmented-reality head-up display help? a preliminary study on driving performance through a VR-simulated eye movement analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.09.002","article-title":"Which is the correct statistical test to use?","volume":"46","author":"McCrum-Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillof. Surg"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"349","volume-title":"The Steering Wheel: A Design Space Exploration","author":"Meschtscherjakov","year":"2017"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00023","article-title":"\u201cSlicing-volume: hybrid 3D\/2D multi-target selection technique for dense virtual environments,\u201d","volume-title":"2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","author":"Montano-Murillo","year":"2020"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"117","article-title":"\u201cExploring the back of the steering wheel: text input with hands on the wheel and eyes on the road,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI '12","author":"Murer","year":"2012"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132102","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11132102","article-title":"Review on haptic assistive driving systems based on drivers&rsquo; steering-wheel operating behaviour","volume":"11","author":"Noubissie Tientcheu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20889-3_47","article-title":"\u201cHead up display in automotive: a new reality for the driver,\u201d","volume-title":"Design, User Experience, and Usability: Interactive Experience Design","author":"Pauzie","year":"2015"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2494873","article-title":"Vibrotactile displays: a survey with a view on highly automated driving","volume":"17","author":"Petermeijer","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2021.3110722","article-title":"\u201cI can feel it coming in the hairs tonight\u201d: characterising mid-air haptics on the hairy parts of the skin","volume":"15","author":"Pittera","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hapt"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598739","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/598739","article-title":"Evaluating user response to in-car haptic feedback touchscreens using the lane change test","volume":"2012","author":"Pitts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Hum. Comp. Int"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.PMCMR","article-title":"The pairwise multiple comparison of mean ranks package (PMCMR)","volume":"27","author":"Pohlert","year":"2014","journal-title":"R Package"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03214210","article-title":"Haptic curvature discrimination at several regions of the hand","volume":"59","author":"Pont","year":"1997","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM46123.2019.00022","article-title":"\u201cA survey of mid-air ultrasonic tactile feedback,\u201d","volume-title":"2019 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM)","author":"Rakkolainen","year":"2019"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1145\/2580723.2580730","article-title":"Security and privacy for augmented reality systems","volume":"57","author":"Roesner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/IE.2018.00021","article-title":"\u201cImplementation and evaluation of peripheral light feedback for mid-air gesture interaction in the car,\u201d","volume-title":"2018 14th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE)","author":"Roider","year":"2018"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"94","article-title":"\u201cThe effects of situational demands on gaze, speech and gesture input in the vehicle,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI '17","author":"Roider","year":"2017"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2010.1","article-title":"Vibrotactile feedback for information delivery in the vehicle","volume":"3","author":"Ryu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hapt"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3487563","DOI":"10.1145\/3487563","article-title":"A virtual reality application of the rubber hand illusion induced by ultrasonic mid-air haptic stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Salagean","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/HAVE.2015.7359448","article-title":"\u201cLight-weight immaterial particle displays with mid-air tactile feedback,\u201d","volume-title":"2015 IEEE International Symposium on Haptic, Audio and Visual Environments and Games (HAVE)","author":"Sand","year":"2015"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1145\/1865245.1865256","article-title":"Bodystorming as embodied designing","volume":"17","author":"Schleicher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"Seifi\n              H.\n            \n            \n              Chew\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Nasc\u00e8\n              A. J.\n            \n            \n              Lowther\n              W. E.\n            \n            \n              Frier\n              W.\n            \n            \n              Hornb\u00e6k\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Feellustrator\u2014Hasti Seifi\u2014hastiseifi.com"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580728","article-title":"\u201cFeellustrator: a design tool for ultrasound mid-air haptics,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '23","author":"Seifi","year":""},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3003715.3005417","article-title":"\u201cEvaluation of haptic patterns on a steering wheel,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Automotive'UI 16","author":"Shakeri","year":"2016"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cMay the force be with you: ultrasound haptic feedback for mid-air gesture interaction in cars,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI '18","author":"Shakeri","year":"2018"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501960","article-title":"\u201cMouth haptics in VR using a headset ultrasound phased array,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '22","author":"Shen","year":"2022"},{"key":"B61","article-title":"\u201cUltrasound feedback for mid-air gesture interaction in vibrating environment,\u201d","volume-title":"Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Artificial Intelligence and Future Applications","author":"Spakov","year":"2022"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35702-2_24","article-title":"\u201cMultimodal gaze-based interaction in cars: are mid-air gestures with haptic feedback safer than buttons?\u201d","volume-title":"Design, User Experience, and Usability: 12th International Conference, DUXU 2023, Held as Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23\u201328, 2023, Proceedings, Part III","author":"Spakov","year":"2023"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTICS.2016.7463162","article-title":"\u201cSkinhaptics: ultrasound focused in the hand creates tactile sensations,\u201d","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS)","author":"Spelmezan","year":"2016"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2023.103060","article-title":"Design of head-up display interfaces for automated vehicles","volume":"177","author":"Stojmenova Pe\u010de\u010dnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"276","article-title":"\u201cLateral modulation of midair ultrasound focus for intensified vibrotactile stimuli,\u201d","volume-title":"International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018"},{"key":"B66","year":"2022","journal-title":"A Future You Can Reach Out and Touch"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3223084","article-title":"Deep deconvolution for traffic analysis with distributed acoustic sensing data","volume":"24","author":"Van den Ende","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4018\/IJMHCI.2019040103","article-title":"Thermal feedback for simulated lane change scenarios","volume":"2","author":"Vito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mob. Hum. Comput. Interact"},{"key":"B69","year":"2021","journal-title":"Unity Template\u2014Test Track"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"410","article-title":"\u201cAn exploration of just noticeable differences in mid-air haptics,\u201d","volume-title":"2023 IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC)","author":"Wojna","year":""},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3272951","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2023.3272951","article-title":"Does it par-tickle? investigating the relationship between mid-air haptics and visual representations of surface textures","volume":"2023","author":"Wojna","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hapt"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3397869","DOI":"10.1145\/3397869","article-title":"Designing mid-air haptic gesture controlled user interfaces for cars","volume":"4","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2021.1912398","article-title":"Effects of full windshield head-up display on visual attention allocation","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ergonomics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1455201\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T06:30:49Z","timestamp":1734676249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1455201\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1455201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1455201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-9898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-9898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"article-number":"1455201"}}