{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:04:31Z","timestamp":1775873071846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Big Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of the \u201cmetaverse\u201d has garnered significant attention recently, positioned as the \u201cnext frontier\u201d of the internet. This emerging digital realm carries substantial economic and financial implications for both IT and non-IT industries. However, the integration and evolution of these virtual universes bring forth a multitude of intricate issues and quandaries that demand resolution. Within this research endeavor, our objective was to delve into and appraise the array of challenges, privacy concerns, and security issues that have come to light during the development of metaverse virtual environments in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a meticulous review and analysis of literature spanning from January 2020 to December 2022, we have meticulously identified and scrutinized 29 distinct challenges, along with 12 policy, privacy, and security matters intertwined with the metaverse. Among the challenges we unearthed, the foremost were concerns pertaining to the costs associated with hardware and software, implementation complexities, digital disparities, and the ethical and moral quandaries surrounding socio-control, collectively cited by 43%, 40%, and 33% of the surveyed articles, respectively. Turning our focus to policy, privacy, and security issues, the top three concerns that emerged from our investigation encompassed the formulation of metaverse rules and principles, the encroachment of privacy threats within the metaverse, and the looming challenges concerning data management, all mentioned in 43%, 40%, and 33% of the examined literature. In summation, the development of virtual environments within the metaverse is a multifaceted and dynamically evolving domain, offering both opportunities and hurdles for researchers and practitioners alike. It is our aspiration that the insights, challenges, and recommendations articulated in this report will catalyze extensive dialogues among industry stakeholders, governmental bodies, and other interested parties concerning the metaverse's destiny and the world they aim to construct or bequeath to future generations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2023.1301812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T11:57:38Z","timestamp":1700740658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The metaverse digital environments: a scoping review of the challenges, privacy and security issues"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tukur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mowafa","family":"Househ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Haruna","family":"Dokoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usman Idris","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Dawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Agus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3546155.3546691","article-title":"\u201cImplications of xr on privacy, security and behaviour: Insights from experts,\u201d","volume-title":"Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference","author":"Abraham","year":"2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities5030040","article-title":"The metaverse as a virtual form of smart cities: opportunities and challenges for environmental, economic, and social sustainability in urban futures","volume":"5","author":"Allam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12126258","article-title":"Smart factory using virtual reality and online multi-user: towards a metaverse for experimental frameworks","author":"Alpala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2021.3096916","article-title":"Fast strategies for the implementation of sike round 3 on arm cortex-m4","volume":"68","author":"Anastasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Circ. Syst. I Reg. Pap"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"265","article-title":"\u201cTime-optimal design of finite field arithmetic for sike on cortex-m4,\u201d","volume-title":"International Conference on Information Security Applications","author":"Anastasova","year":""},{"key":"B6","first-page":"292","article-title":"\u201cTime-efficient finite field microarchitecture design for curve448 and ed448 on cortex-m4,\u201d","volume-title":"International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology","author":"Anastasova","year":""},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"AokiK.\n            IchikawaT.\n            KandaM.\n            MatsuiM.\n            MoriaiS.\n            NakajimaJ.\n          Specification of Camellia-a 128-Bit Block Cipher. Specification Version 22000"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.46586\/tosc.v2023.i3.25-73","article-title":"The qarmav2 family of tweakable block ciphers","volume":"2023","author":"Avanzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cryptol. ePrint Arch"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75354-2_2","article-title":"\u201cThe need for post-quantum cryptography post-quantum cryptography (pqc),\u201d","volume-title":"The CISO?s Next Frontier: AI, Post-Quantum Cryptography and Advanced Security Paradigms","author":"Badhwar","year":"2021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48800-3_17","article-title":"\u201cMidori: a block cipher for low energy,\u201d","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology-ASIACRYPT 2015: 21st International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Auckland, New Zealand, November 29-December 3, 2015, Proceedings, Part II 21","author":"Banik","year":"2015"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Enter the battleverse: China's metaverse war","author":"Baughman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Milit. Cyber Aff"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2021.3077885","article-title":"Cryptographic accelerators for digital signature based on ed25519","volume":"29","author":"Bisheh-Niasar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Very Large Scale Integrat. Syst"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193252","article-title":"Imperative role of integrating digitalization in the firms finance: a technological perspective","volume":"11","author":"Bisht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40309-022-00208-4","article-title":"Metaverse through the prism of power and addiction: what will happen when the virtual world becomes more attractive than reality?","volume":"10","author":"Bojic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Fut. Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94751-4_2","article-title":"\u201cMixed reality (mr) for generation z in cultural heritage tourism towards metaverse,\u201d","volume-title":"Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2022: Proceedings of the ENTER 2022 eTourism Conference, January 11-14, 2022","author":"Buhalis","year":"2022"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Web content accessibility guidelines (wcag) 2.0","volume":"290","author":"Caldwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"WWW Consort"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory","author":"Charmaz","year":"2014"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103600","article-title":"A case study of immersive virtual field trips in an elementary classroom: students? learning experience and teacher-student interaction behaviors","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Educ"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"ChowdhariN.\n          Designing Immersive Virtual Reality Experiences: The Importance of UI and UX in Creating Engaging User Interactions2023"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10080092","article-title":"Arlean: an augmented reality learning analytics ethical framework","volume":"10","author":"Christopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Artificial Intelligence is Booming but Will It Impact Your Career and Job?2022"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Immersive Learning\u2014What It Is, Benefits and How to Implement2023"},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"How the Metaverse Could Change Work2022"},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"[Dataset] FurtadoG.\n          Designing Interactive and Immersive Experiences: Engaging Users in a Digital World2023"},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Watching Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: Immersive Technology, Biometric Psychography, and the Law, 23 Vanderbilt Law reView 1","author":"[Dataset] Heller","year":"2021"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Privacy and the Metaverse\u2014Prepared for the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights","author":"[Dataset] Heller","year":"2022"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"[Dataset] MoatesC.\n          How Data and Analytics Drive Positive ROI in the Metaverse2023"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"[Dataset] PetkovM.\n          Beyond Reality: Tourism and Hospitality in the Metaverse2023"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"[Dataset] SchmidtM.\n          The Impact of Quantum Computing on the Metaverse: Shaping the Future of Digital Realms2023"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Security and Privacy for Iot and Metaverse2023"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Thousands Sign up to Clean Sewage Because They Didn't Read the Small Print2017"},{"key":"B32","author":"[Dataset] Wiederhold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metaverse Games: Game Changer for Healthcare"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"World Meters Information - Corona Virus Cases2022"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00072","article-title":"\u201cA neurophysiological approach for measuring presence in immersive virtual environments,\u201d","volume-title":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)","author":"Dey","year":"2020"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i15.13025","article-title":"Virtual world as a resource for hybrid education","volume":"15","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Emer. Technol. Learn"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-021-09398-9","article-title":"Ascon v1. 2: Lightweight authenticated encryption and hashing","volume":"34","author":"Dobraunig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cryptol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542","article-title":"Metaverse beyond the hype: multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manage"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW56584.2022.00058","article-title":"\u201cLife, the metaverse and everything: an overview of privacy, ethics, and governance in metaverse,\u201d","volume-title":"2022 IEEE 42nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW)","author":"Fernandez","year":"2022"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cGenerative adversarial nets,\u201d","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS, Volume 27","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3201082","article-title":"A dynamic hierarchical framework for iot-assisted metaverse synchronization","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0432-4","article-title":"The associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Hoare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991489","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.991489","article-title":"Metaverse-based virtual reality experience and endurance performance in sports economy: mediating role of mental health and performance anxiety","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2017.2723891","article-title":"Supersingular isogeny diffie-hellman key exchange on 64-bit arm","volume":"16","author":"Jalali","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Depend. Sec. Comp"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.17703\/JCCT.2022.8.2.179","article-title":"A study on the military use of the new future battlefield environment metaverse","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Converg. Cult. Technol"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Recent Trends on Research and Development of Quantum Computers and Standardization of Post-Quantum cryptogRaphy","author":"Kan","year":"2021"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"KatterbauerK.\n            SyedH.\n            CleenewerckL.\n            GencS. Y.\n          BerlinIslamic Finance in the Metaverse-a Meta-Finance Framework for Supporting the Growth of Shariah-Compliant Finance Options in the Metaspace2022"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-015-9563-7","article-title":"Can virtual museums motivate students? Toward a constructivist learning approach","volume":"24","author":"Katz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Virtual Tour Mansion tjong a fie dengan gamification sebagai media pembelajaran sejarah","author":"Kirana","year":"2021"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"\u201cRepresenting and exchanging 3d city models with citygml,\u201d1531\n            KolbeT. H.\n          3D Geo-information Sciences2009"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC43674.2020.9286147","article-title":"\u201cPost quantum cryptography(pqc) - an overview: (invited paper),\u201d","volume-title":"2020 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","author":"Kumar","year":"2020"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"247","article-title":"\u201cApplication study of virtual reality in real estate industry,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications","author":"Kun","year":"2009"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.22967\/HCIS.2022.12.042","article-title":"Metaq: a quantum approach for secure and optimized metaverse environment","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Cent. Comp. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.9728\/dcs.2017.18.8.1585","article-title":"A study on the application of virtual reality technology to exhibition space","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dig. Contents Soc"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-022-3990-7","article-title":"Dental education in the metaverse","volume":"232","author":"Locurcio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cMeasuring presence: the temple presence inventory,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Workshop on Presence","author":"Lombard","year":"2009"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199864","article-title":"Conceiving a digital twin for a flexible manufacturing system","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci"},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (xr) Repor\u2014Extended Reality (xr) Ethics in Education","author":"Mangina","year":"2021"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03057267.2022.2082680","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality for science learning: design, implementation, and evaluation","volume":"59","author":"Matovu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stud. Sci. Educ"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"114","article-title":"A public-key cryptosystem based on algebraic","volume":"4244","author":"McEliece","year":"1978","journal-title":"Coding Thv"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (xr) Report-Extended Reality (xr) and the Erosion of Anonymity and Privacy. Extended Reality (XR) and the Erosion of Anonymity and Privacy-White Paper","author":"McGill","year":"2021"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.18178\/joebm.2022.10.4.712","article-title":"Metaverse; virtual world challenges and opportunities for digital business","volume":"10","author":"Meepung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Bus. Manag"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690600500103","article-title":"The development of constructivist grounded theory","volume":"5","author":"Mills","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT53585.2022.9728808","article-title":"\u201cOverview: technology roadmap of the future trend of metaverse based on iot, blockchain, ai technique, and medical domain metaverse activity,\u201d","volume-title":"2022 24th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT)","author":"Mozumder","year":"2022"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2010031","article-title":"Metaverse","volume":"2","author":"Mystakidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia3020026","article-title":"Immersive learning","volume":"3","author":"Mystakidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3278329","article-title":"Computer vision in the metaverse","volume":"1","author":"Nalbant","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Metaverse"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-547-2017","article-title":"Virtual tour environment of cuba?s national school of art","volume":"42","author":"Napolitano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogrammet. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-sen.2014.0130","article-title":"Empirical investigation of the challenges of the existing tools used in global software development projects","volume":"9","author":"Niazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Softw"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3278329","article-title":"A survey on metaverse: the state-of-the-art, technologies, applications, and challenges","author":"Ning","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1049\/itr2.12252","article-title":"Prospects and challenges of metaverse application in data-driven intelligent transportation systems","volume":"17","author":"Njoku","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121778","article-title":"A metaverse assessment model for sustainable transportation using ordinal priority approach and aczel-alsina norms","volume":"182","author":"Pamucar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.20.0165","article-title":"Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risks","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kor. J. Fam. Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01562","article-title":"Opportunities and risks of the \u201cmetaverse\u201d for biodiversity and the environment","volume":"56","author":"Rillig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"424","article-title":"\u201cKyber on arm64: Compact implementations of kyber on 64-bit arm cortex-a processors,\u201d","volume-title":"International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems","author":"Sanal","year":"2021"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-6383-4_3","article-title":"\u201cPost-quantum cryptography: A solution to the challenges of classical encryption algorithms,\u201d","volume-title":"Modern Electronics Devices and Communication Systems: Select Proceedings of MEDCOM 2021","author":"Sharma","year":"2023"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566477","article-title":"Measuring presence: a response to the witmer and singer presence questionnaire","volume":"8","author":"Slater","year":"1999","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperat. Virt. Environ"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.00001","article-title":"The ethics of realism in virtual and augmented reality","volume":"1","author":"Slater","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virt. Reality"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3466817","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: a survey","volume":"54","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Comp. Surv"},{"key":"B79","first-page":"772","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on metaverse","volume":"4","author":"Sriram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Modern. Eng. Technol"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"StephensonN.\n          New York, NYRandom House Publishing GroupSnow Crash: A Novel1992"},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"Snow Crash: A Novel","author":"Stephenson","year":"2003"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence10010017","article-title":"Utilizing the metaverse for learner-centered constructivist education in the post-pandemic era: An analysis of elementary school students","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intell"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3517189","article-title":"Blockchain-based digital twins: research trends, issues, and future challenges","volume":"54","author":"Suhail","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comp. Surv"},{"key":"B84","first-page":"221","article-title":"\u201cMatterport: virtual tour as a new marketing approach in real estate business during pandemic covid-19,\u201d","volume-title":"International Conference of Innovation in Media and Visual Design (IMDES 2020)","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2020"},{"key":"B85","first-page":"13","article-title":"Metahealth-how will the metaverse change health care?","volume":"1","author":"Thomason","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Metaverse"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"Prisma extension for scoping reviews (prisma-scr): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"key":"B87","volume-title":"Spider: Spherical Indoor Depth Renderer","author":"Tukur","year":"2022"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmod.2023.101182","article-title":"Spider: a framework for processing, editing and presenting immersive high-resolution spherical indoor scenes","volume":"128","author":"Tukur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graph. Models"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-05159-1","article-title":"Requirement engineering challenges: a systematic mapping study on the academic and the industrial perspective","volume":"46","author":"Tukur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8454","author":"Turan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Status report on the final round of the nist lightweight cryptography standardization process"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.12.003","article-title":"Virtual reality, presence, and attitude change: Empirical evidence from tourism","volume":"66","author":"Tussyadiah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tour. Manag"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.19255058.v3","article-title":"A survey on metaverse: Fundamentals, security, and privacy","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331211068207","article-title":"The effects of virtual reality infused instruction on elementary school students? english-speaking performance, willingness to communicate, and learning autonomy","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comp. Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12126030","article-title":"Extended reality application framework for a digital-twin-based smart crane","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Sci"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceh.2022.02.001","article-title":"Expert consensus on the metaverse in medicine","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. eHealth"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1016300","article-title":"The metaverse in education: Definition, framework, features, potential applications, challenges, and future research topics","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12095-023-00656-0","article-title":"The welch-gong stream cipher-evolutionary path","author":"Zidari\u010d","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cryptogr. Commun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Big Data"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdata.2023.1301812\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T11:58:16Z","timestamp":1700740696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdata.2023.1301812\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdata.2023.1301812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdata.2023.1301812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-909X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-909X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"article-number":"1301812"}}