{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T23:44:55Z","timestamp":1780962295961,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation and Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R513052\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R513052\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on findings from the first randomized controlled pilot trial of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) developed specifically for reducing social anxiety associated with stuttering. People who stutter with heightened social anxiety were recruited from online adverts and randomly allocated to receive VRET (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913) or be put on a waitlist (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912). Treatment was delivered remotely using a smartphone-based VR headset. It consisted of three weekly sessions, each comprising both performative and interactive exposure exercises, and was guided by a virtual therapist. Multilevel model analyses failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of VRET at reducing social anxiety between pre- and post-treatment. We found similar results for fear of negative evaluation, negative thoughts associated with stuttering, and stuttering characteristics. However, VRET was associated with reduced social anxiety between post-treatment and one-month follow-up. These pilot findings suggest that our current VRET protocol may not be effective at reducing social anxiety amongst people who stutter, though might be capable of supporting longer-term change. Future VRET protocols targeting stuttering-related social anxiety should be explored with larger samples. The results from this pilot trial provide a solid basis for further design improvements and for future research to explore appropriate techniques for widening access to social anxiety treatments in stuttering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1061323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T07:56:47Z","timestamp":1675929407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Virtual reality exposure therapy for reducing social anxiety in stuttering: A randomized controlled pilot trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Chard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nejra","family":"Van Zalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Picinali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.08.003","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: current status and future directions","volume":"40","author":"Iverach","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.01.001","article-title":"Trait and social anxiety in adults with chronic stuttering: conclusions following meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Craig","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7967(97)00022-3","article-title":"A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia","volume":"35","author":"Rapee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20657","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter","volume":"27","author":"Blumgart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00236","article-title":"Anxiety and depression symptoms in children and adolescents who stutter: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Bernard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter","volume":"49","author":"Iverach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"69","article-title":"A cognitive model of social phobia","volume-title":"Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment","author":"Clark","year":"1995"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-16-0033","article-title":"Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: a cognitive-behavioral model","volume":"26","author":"Iverach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Speech-Lang Pathol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/h3957","article-title":"Situational factors influencing social anxiety in treatment-seeking adults who stutter: an exploratory factor analysis","author":"Haitani","year":"2021","journal-title":"PsyArXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/8sc7d","article-title":"Heterogeneity of social anxiety in treatment-seeking adults who stutter: a latent profile analysis","author":"Haitani","year":"2021","journal-title":"PsyArXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1555623","article-title":"The lived experience of stuttering: a synthesis of qualitative studies with implications for rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Connery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.03.001","article-title":"Comparison of adults who stutter with and without social anxiety disorder","volume":"56","author":"Iverach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/07-0070)","article-title":"An experimental clinical trial of a cognitive-behavior therapy package for chronic stuttering","volume":"51","author":"Menzies","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.05.003","article-title":"Is cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies?: a meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Tolin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70329-3","article-title":"Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Mayo-Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0340","article-title":"In-clinic and standalone internet cognitive behavior therapy treatment for social anxiety in stuttering: a randomized trial of iGlebe","volume":"62","author":"Menzies","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2019.04.003","article-title":"Supplementing stuttering treatment with online cognitive behavior therapy: an experimental trial","volume":"80","author":"Menzies","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2008.1.2.94","article-title":"A meta\u2013analytic review of psychological treatments for social anxiety disorder","volume":"1","author":"Powers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.99.1.20","article-title":"Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information","volume":"99","author":"Foa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003","article-title":"Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy","volume":"46","author":"Craske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.006","article-title":"Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach","volume":"58","author":"Craske","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0055","article-title":"Safety behaviors and stuttering","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.07.001","article-title":"A comparative investigation of the speech-associated coping responses reported by adults who do and do not stutter","volume":"29","author":"Vanryckeghem","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1017\/bec.2018.15","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety","volume":"35","author":"Chesham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Change"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.06.007","article-title":"Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder","volume":"42","author":"Kampmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003785","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Horigome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9962","article-title":"Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. In vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias","volume":"10","author":"Garcia-Palacios","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.002","article-title":"Size and burden of social phobia in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Fehm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2017.01.003","article-title":"Psychological counseling as an adjunct to stuttering treatment: clients\u2019 experiences and perceptions","volume":"52","author":"Lindsay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.02.002","article-title":"The relationship between mental health disorders and treatment outcomes among adults who stutter","volume":"34","author":"Iverach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.12.001","article-title":"A phenomenological understanding of successful stuttering management","volume":"30","author":"Plexico","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on mental, neurological and substance use services: Results of a rapid assessment","year":"2020"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6914","article-title":"Automated text messaging as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: a clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Aguilera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2017.01.002","article-title":"Mobile phone-based mood ratings prospectively predict psychotherapy attendance","volume":"48","author":"Bruehlman-Senecal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-015-0077-8","article-title":"Integrating technology into cognitive behavior therapy for adolescent depression: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Kobak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070600947624","article-title":"Working alliance for clients with social anxiety disorder: relationship with session helpfulness and within-session habituation","volume":"36","author":"Hayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3302-x","article-title":"\u201cNot unless it\u2019s a life or death thing\u201d: a qualitative study of the health care experiences of adults who stutter","volume":"30","author":"Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-016-9820-y","article-title":"Virtual reality and exposure group therapy for social anxiety disorder: results from a 4\u20136 year follow-up","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033559","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.184234","article-title":"Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomised controlled trial","volume":"210","author":"Bouchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.76","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for social phobia: a preliminary controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Klinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-561-7-57","article-title":"Using virtual humans to alleviate social anxiety: preliminary report from a comparative outcome study","volume":"154","author":"Robillard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1089\/109493102321018187","article-title":"Brief virtual reality therapy for public speaking anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.12.016","article-title":"Exposure to virtual social interactions in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Kampmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445511429999","article-title":"Virtual reality cognitive-behavior therapy for public speaking anxiety: one-year follow-up","volume":"36","author":"Safir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445509331926","article-title":"Virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy for public speaking anxiety: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Wallach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103984","article-title":"Pilot randomized trial of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder","volume":"147","author":"Zainal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.07.003","article-title":"Therapist-led and self-led one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety with consumer hardware and software: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Lindner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102451","article-title":"360\u00b0 Video virtual reality exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Reeves","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842460","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.842460","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for treating social anxiety: a scoping review of treatment designs and adaptation to stuttering","volume":"4","author":"Chard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front in Digital Health"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.12.001","article-title":"Exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder in people who stutter: an exploratory multiple baseline design","volume":"59","author":"Scheurich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"36","author":"Walkom","year":"2016"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.01.103","article-title":"Evaluation of the social phobia scale and social interaction anxiety scale as assessments of performance and interaction anxiety","volume":"273","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210391674","article-title":"Trait social anxiety and physiological activation: cardiovascular threat during social interaction","volume":"37","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers and Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1348\/014466502163732","article-title":"Self-reported and actual physiological responses in social phobia","volume":"41","author":"Edelmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32656","DOI":"10.2196\/32656","article-title":"Detecting subclinical social anxiety using physiological data from a wrist-worn wearable: small-scale feasibility study","volume":"5","author":"Shaukat-Jali","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105881","article-title":"Resting autonomic activity in adults who stutter and its association with self-reports of social anxiety","volume":"70","author":"Bauerly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.02.001","article-title":"Stuttering, emotions, and heart rate during anticipatory anxiety: a critical review","volume":"29","author":"Alm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(84)90008-1","article-title":"Stuttering and anxiety: the difference between stutterers and nonstutterers in verbal apprehension and physiologic arousal during the anticipation of speech and non-speech tasks","volume":"9","author":"Peters","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Fluen Disord"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3304.690","article-title":"Autonomic correlates of stuttering and speech assessed in a range of experimental tasks","volume":"33","author":"Weber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.021","article-title":"Autonomic arousal in adults who stutter prior to various Reading tasks intended to elicit changes in stuttering frequency","volume":"83","author":"Bowers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-019-0307-y","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for adolescents with fear of public speaking: a non-randomized feasibility and pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Kahlon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2733-1","article-title":"Reporting randomised trials of social and psychological interventions: the CONSORT-SPI 2018 extension","volume":"19","author":"Montgomery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B65","volume-title":"A handbook on stuttering","author":"Bloodstein","year":"2008"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10031-6","article-title":"Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Mattick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167283093007","article-title":"A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale","volume":"9","author":"Leary","year":"1983","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.17.2.179","article-title":"Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the brief fear of negative evaluation scale in patients with social anxiety disorder","volume":"17","author":"Weeks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-15-0167","article-title":"A brief version of the unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about stuttering scales: the UTBAS-6","volume":"59","author":"Iverach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829809179455","article-title":"Outcome measurement in adult stuttering therapy: a self-rating profile","volume":"33","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Lang & Commun Disord"},{"key":"B71","volume-title":"WASSP: the wright & ayre stuttering self-rating profile","author":"Wright","year":"2000"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(64)90051-8","article-title":"A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy","volume":"2","author":"Wolpe","year":"1964","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research\u2014recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting","volume":"8","author":"Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0107-7","article-title":"ARTiiFACT: a tool for heart rate artifact processing and heart rate variability analysis","volume":"43","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.04.028","article-title":"A continuous measure of phasic electrodermal activity","volume":"190","author":"Benedek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1406.5823","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"Lmertest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106291059","article-title":"Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01841-4","article-title":"R2mlm: an R package calculating R-squared measures for multilevel models","author":"Shaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01541","article-title":"Bayestestr: describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework","volume":"4","author":"Makowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504","article-title":"Simr: an R package for power analysis of generalised linear mixed models by simulation","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods in Ecol and Evolution"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/P3AHN","article-title":"Data from: virtual reality exposure therapy for reducing social anxiety in stuttering","author":"Chard","year":"2022","journal-title":"OSF"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.05.004","article-title":"Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: a review","volume":"56","author":"Asher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12465","article-title":"The working alliance in stuttering treatment: a neglected variable?","volume":"54","author":"S\u00f8nsterud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Lang & Commun Disord"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11325","DOI":"10.2196\/11325","article-title":"Barriers to and facilitators of engagement with mHealth technology for remote measurement and management of depression: qualitative analysis","volume":"7","author":"Simblett","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08106-y","article-title":"Mental health provider perspectives of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on service delivery: a focus on challenges in remote engagement, suicide risk assessment, and treatment of psychosis","volume":"22","author":"Bornheimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/088)","article-title":"Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span","volume":"45","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300799","article-title":"Participatory design of VR scenarios for exposure therapy","author":"Flobak","year":"2019","journal-title":"CHI Conf on Hum Factors in Comput Syst"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1061323\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T07:56:56Z","timestamp":1675929416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1061323\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1061323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1061323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"article-number":"1061323"}}