{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:55:53Z","timestamp":1753890953519,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00a0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00a0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001873","name":"Starkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00a0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data collected from hearing aid users\u2019 own hearing aids could improve the customization of hearing aid processing for different users based on the auditory environments they encounter in daily life. Prior studies characterizing hearing aid users\u2019 auditory environments have focused on mean sound pressure levels and proportions of environments based on classifications. In this study, we extend these approaches by introducing entropy to quantify the diversity of auditory environments hearing aid users encounter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants from 4 groups (younger listeners with normal hearing and older listeners with hearing loss from an urban or rural area) wore research hearing aids and completed ecological momentary assessments on a smartphone for 1 week. The smartphone was programmed to sample the processing state (input sound pressure level and environment classification) of the hearing aids every 10\u2009min and deliver an ecological momentary assessment every 40\u2009min. Entropy values for sound pressure levels, environment classifications, and ecological momentary assessment responses were calculated for each participant to quantify the diversity of auditory environments encountered over the course of the week. Entropy values between groups were compared. Group differences in entropy were compared to prior work reporting differences in mean sound pressure levels and proportions of environment classifications. Group differences in entropy measured objectively from the hearing aid data were also compared to differences in entropy measured from the self-report ecological momentary assessment data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Auditory environment diversity, quantified using entropy from the hearing aid data, was significantly higher for younger listeners than older listeners. Entropy measured using ecological momentary assessment was also significantly higher for younger listeners than older listeners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using entropy, we show that younger listeners experience a greater diversity of auditory environments than older listeners. Alignment of group entropy differences with differences in sound pressure levels and hearing aid feature activation previously reported, along with alignment with ecological momentary response entropy, suggests that entropy is a valid and useful metric. We conclude that entropy is a simple and intuitive way to measure auditory environment diversity using hearing aid data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1141917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T09:45:01Z","timestamp":1680687901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Auditory environment diversity quantified using entropy from real-world hearing aid data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Jorgensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Octav","family":"Chipara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000933","article-title":"Editorial: Eriksholm workshop on ecologically valid assessments of hearing, hearing devices","volume":"41","author":"Keidser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2020.1831083","article-title":"GPS predicts stability of listening environment characteristics in one location over time among older hearing aid users","volume":"60","author":"Jorgensen","year":"","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1044\/2018-AJA-18-0061","article-title":"The acoustic environments in which older adults wear their hearing aids: insights from datalogging sound environment classification","volume":"27","author":"Humes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331216520980968","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216520980968","article-title":"A comparison of environment classification among premium hearing instruments","volume":"25","author":"Yellamsetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.722186","article-title":"Real-world hearing aid usage patterns and smartphone connectivity","volume":"3","author":"Christensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1044\/2021-JSLHR-21-00111","article-title":"Effect of hearing aid technology level, individual characteristics on listener outcome measures","volume":"64","author":"Plyler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001308","article-title":"Auditory environments and hearing aid feature activation among younger and older listeners in an urban and rural area","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1377-5","article-title":"An entropy-based social network community detecting method, its application to scientometrics","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186605","article-title":"Network diversity, economic development","volume":"328","author":"Eagle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2015.0057","article-title":"Occupancy-based analysis and interpretation of soundscape auditory complexity: case of a campus restaurant","volume":"63","author":"Ghozi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Audio Eng Soc"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001334","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000991","article-title":"The influence of forced social isolation on the auditory ecology, psychosocial functions of listeners with cochlear implants during COVID-19 mitigation efforts","volume":"42","author":"Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1044\/2020-AJA-20-00057","article-title":"Using smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment in audiology research: the participants\u2019 perspective","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2013.6627783","article-title":"AudioSense: enabling real-time evaluation of hearing aid technology in-situ","volume":"2013","author":"Hasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Comput Based Med Syst"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.23.9.4","article-title":"Do older adults have social lifestyles that place fewer demands on hearing?","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020500429484","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear hearing aid fittings \u2013 2. Patterns of candidature","volume":"45","author":"Gatehouse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000934","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment in hearing research: current state, challenges, and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Holube","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719135","article-title":"Why ecological momentary assessment surveys go incomplete: when it happens and how it impacts data","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1141917\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T09:45:04Z","timestamp":1680687904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1141917\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1141917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1141917","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-253X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"article-number":"1141917"}}