{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:55:15Z","timestamp":1773078915010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K01MH111957-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01MH111957-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background &amp;amp; motivation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Household chaos is an established risk factor for child development. However, current methods for measuring household chaos rely on parent surveys, meaning existing research efforts cannot disentangle potentially dynamic bidirectional relations between high chaos environments and child behavior problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Proposed approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>We train and make publicly available a classifier to provide objective, high-resolution predictions of household chaos from real-world child-worn audio recordings. To do so, we collect and annotate a novel dataset of ground-truth auditory chaos labels compiled from over 411\u2009h of daylong recordings collected via audio recorders worn by <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"IM1\"><mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>22<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> infants in their homes. We leverage an existing sound event classifier to identify candidate high chaos segments, increasing annotation efficiency 8.32<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"IM2\"><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> relative to random sampling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our best-performing model successfully classifies four levels of real-world household auditory chaos with a macro F1 score of 0.701 (Precision: 0.705, Recall: 0.702) and a weighted F1 score of 0.679 (Precision: 0.685, Recall: 0.680).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In future work, high-resolution objective chaos predictions from our model can be leveraged for basic science and intervention, including testing theorized mechanisms by which chaos affects children\u2019s cognition and behavior. Additionally, to facilitate further model development we make publicly available the first and largest balanced annotated audio dataset of real-world household chaos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1261057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T04:47:51Z","timestamp":1703134071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Auditory chaos classification in real-world environments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Khante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edison","family":"Thomaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaya","family":"de 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