{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T13:00:05Z","timestamp":1783515605076,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>A digital twin is a virtual representation of a patient's disease, facilitating real-time monitoring, analysis, and simulation. This enables the prediction of disease progression, optimization of care delivery, and improvement of outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we introduce a digital twin framework for type 2 diabetes (T2D) that integrates machine learning with multiomic data, knowledge graphs, and mechanistic models. By analyzing a substantial multiomic and clinical dataset, we constructed predictive machine learning models to forecast disease progression. Furthermore, knowledge graphs were employed to elucidate and contextualize multiomic\u2013disease relationships.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings not only reaffirm known targetable disease components but also spotlight novel ones, unveiled through this integrated approach. The versatile components presented in this study can be incorporated into a digital twin system, enhancing our grasp of diseases and propelling the advancement of precision medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1336050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T04:35:28Z","timestamp":1706243728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A framework towards digital twins for type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangrong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Rappaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Yurkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Pflieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leroy","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Shmulevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2020.04.017","article-title":"The development of a digital twin for machining processes for the application in aerospace industry","volume":"93","author":"H\u00e4nel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","article-title":"Characterising the digital twin: a systematic literature review","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01558-5","article-title":"Digital twins for predictive oncology will be a paradigm shift for precision cancer care","volume":"27","author":"Hernandez-Boussard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669811","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.669811","article-title":"Digital twins for multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Voigt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa159","article-title":"The \u2018digital twin\u2019 to enable the vision of precision cardiology","volume":"41","author":"Corral-Acero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6275","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes Mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30058-2","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.19","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.12.004","article-title":"Glycemic control and complications in type 2 diabetes Mellitus","volume":"123","author":"Stolar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0007","article-title":"American Diabetes Association. 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