{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T06:46:47Z","timestamp":1776322007766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of displayed step count in smartwatches on the accuracy of daily step-count estimation and the potential underlying psychological factors have not been revealed. The study aimed for the following: (i) To investigate whether the counting and reporting of daily steps by a smartwatch increases the daily step-count estimation accuracy and (ii) to elucidating underlying psychological factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 34 healthy men and women participants wore smartwatches for 4\u2005weeks. In week 1 (baseline), 3 (follow-up 1), and 8 (follow-up 2), the number of smartwatch displayed steps was blinded for each participant. In week 2 (Intervention), the number of steps was not blinded. During baseline and follow-ups 1 and 2, the participants were instructed to estimate their number of steps four times per day. During the 4-week wash-out period between follow-ups 1 and 2, no feedback was provided. The Body Awareness Questionnaire and the Body Responsiveness Questionnaire (BRQ) were used to elucidate the psychological facets of the assumed estimation accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean absolute percentage error between the participants\u2019 steps count estimations and measured steps counts were 29.49% (at baseline), 0.54% (intervention), 11.89% (follow-up 1), and 15.14% (follow-up 2), respectively. There was a significant effect between baseline and follow-up 1 [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> (61.7)\u2009=\u20093.433, <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;\u20090.001] but not between follow-up 1 and follow-up 2 [<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> (60.3)\u2009=\u2009\u22120.288, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.774]. Only the BRQ subscale \u201cSuppression of Bodily Sensations\u201d appeared to be significant at the Baseline (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012; Bonferroni adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048) as a factor influencing step-count estimation accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The counting and reporting of daily steps with a smartwatch allows improving the subjective estimation accuracy of daily step counts, with a stabilizing effect for at least 6\u2005weeks. Especially individuals who tend to suppress their bodily sensations are less accurate in their daily step-count estimation before the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1400369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T05:10:47Z","timestamp":1723093847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Smartwatch step counting: impact on daily step-count estimation accuracy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"D\u00fcking","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Strahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Wallmann-Sperlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Sperlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","article-title":"Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants","volume":"6","author":"Guthold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199723050-00004","article-title":"Walking to health","volume":"32","author":"Hardman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01128-3","article-title":"Your personal motivator is with you: a systematic review of mobile phone applications aiming at increasing physical activity","volume":"49","author":"Hosseinpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01020-8","article-title":"The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults","volume":"17","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00955-2","article-title":"Can consumer wearable activity tracker-based interventions improve physical activity and cardiometabolic health in patients with chronic diseases? 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