{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:06:31Z","timestamp":1787951191739,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wearable devices offer innovative solutions for chronic pain (CP) management by enabling real-time monitoring and personalized pain control. Although they are increasingly used to monitor pain-related parameters, their potential for predicting CP progression remains underutilized. Current studies focus mainly on correlations between data and pain levels, but rarely use this information for accurate prediction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to review recent advancements in wearable technology for CP management, emphasizing the integration of multimodal data, sensor quality, compliance with data security standards, and the effectiveness of predictive models in identifying CP episodes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search across six major databases identified studies evaluating wearable devices designed to collect pain-related parameters and predict CP. Data extraction focused on device types, sensor quality, compliance with health standards, and the predictive algorithms employed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wearable devices show promise in correlating physiological markers with CP, but few studies integrate predictive models. Random Forest and multilevel models have demonstrated consistent performance, while advanced models like Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory have faced challenges with data quality and computational demands. Despite compliance with regulations like General Data Protection Regulation and ISO standards, data security and privacy concerns persist. Additionally, the integration of multimodal data, including physiological, psychological, and demographic factors, remains underexplored, presenting an opportunity to improve prediction accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future research should prioritize developing robust predictive models, standardizing data protocols, and addressing security and privacy concerns to maximize wearable devices\u2019 potential in CP management. Enhancing real-time capabilities and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations will improve clinical applicability, enabling personalized and preventive pain management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1581285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T05:26:59Z","timestamp":1747891619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Predicting chronic pain using wearable devices: a scoping review of sensor capabilities, data security, and standards compliance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Johannes C.","family":"Ayena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Bouayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Ben Arous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Ouakrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Loulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darine","family":"Ameyed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Savard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"El Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neila","family":"Mezghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003508175","volume-title":"Living with Chronic Illness: The Experience of Patients and Their Families","author":"Anderson","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7","article-title":"Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances","volume":"397","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-770","article-title":"Pain as a global public health priority","volume":"11","author":"Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1090","article-title":"Chronic widespread pain prevalence in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5935\/2595-0118.20210041","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain in Brazil: systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Aguiar","year":"2021","journal-title":"BrJP"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002291","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain among adults in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Yong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e920","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000920","article-title":"A scoping review of chronic pain in emerging adults","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7215a1","article-title":"Chronic pain among adults\u2014United States, 2019\u20132021","volume":"72","author":"Rikard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02432-2","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of chronic pain in the Chinese community-dwelling elderly: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Low Back Pain","year":"2023"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2023.16.2.0112","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical management of chronic pain","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"GSC Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e912","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000912","article-title":"Telehealth and chronic pain management from rapid adaptation to long-term implementation in pain medicine: a narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-019-00107-9","article-title":"Use of health technologies for low back pain in the military health system","volume":"4","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Technol Behav Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248893","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1248893","article-title":"Rethinking pain communication of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease through E-textile interaction design","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176077","article-title":"Pain detection using a smartphone in real time","author":"Kong","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041030","article-title":"Pain and stress detection using wearable sensors and devices\u2014a review","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Switzerland)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144838","article-title":"Comparison of feature extraction methods for physiological signals for heat-based pain recognition","volume":"21","author":"Gouverneur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI220378","article-title":"Integrated platform for the management of chronic low back pain","volume":"293","author":"Kampusch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-024-00721-z","article-title":"Exploring the effects of fitbit incentive on treatment outcomes in veterans undergoing intensive pain rehabilitation program","volume":"8","author":"Toor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Design and Development of PainBit: a Portable Device for Supporting Patients with Chronic Pain to Log their Pain","author":"Saleem","year":"2024"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13047","article-title":"Wearable electronic devices for chronic pain intensity assessment: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Avila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101192","article-title":"Symptom tracking in endometriosis using digital technologies: knowns, unknowns, and future prospects","volume":"4","author":"Edgley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59358","DOI":"10.2196\/59358","article-title":"Impact of 25 years of Mobile health tools for pain management in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-023-07629-2","article-title":"Digital health tools for pain monitoring in pediatric oncology: a scoping review and qualitative assessment of barriers and facilitators of implementation","volume":"31","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003134","article-title":"Sensing behavior change in chronic pain: a scoping review of sensor technology for use in daily life","volume":"165","author":"Vitali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-666X(04)80133-1","article-title":"Pain measurement in humans","volume":"2","author":"Ong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.02.018","article-title":"An exhaustive survey on security and privacy issues in healthcare 4.0","volume":"153","author":"Hathaliya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2020.07.003","article-title":"Security and privacy of electronic health records: concerns and challenges","volume":"22","author":"Keshta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egyptian Informatics Journal"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-48","article-title":"Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team\u2019s experience with Arksey and O\u2019Malley\u2019s framework","volume":"13","author":"Daudt","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"Covidence Systematic Review Software","year":"2014"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e076036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076036","article-title":"Chronic pain: definitions and diagnosis","volume":"381","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236143","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1236143","article-title":"Measuring objective physical activity in people with chronic low back pain using accelerometers: a scoping review","volume":"5","author":"Berger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23657","DOI":"10.2196\/23657","article-title":"Association between step count measured with a smartphone app (pain-note) and pain level in patients with chronic pain: observational study","volume":"6","author":"Ogawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2023.102744","article-title":"Role of the interaction between lumbar kinematics and accelerometer-measured physical activity in bodily pain, physical functioning and work ability among health care workers with low back pain","volume":"69","author":"Bayartai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0108","article-title":"Standing time and daily proportion of sedentary time are associated with pain-related disability in a one month accelerometer measurement in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"22","author":"Norha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14707","DOI":"10.2196\/14707","article-title":"Accuracy of optical heart rate sensing technology in wearable fitness trackers for young and older adults: validation and comparison study","volume":"8","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105371","article-title":"A semi-automatic mHealth system using wearable devices for identifying pain-related parameters in elderly individuals","volume":"184","author":"Gungormus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-023-00115-4","article-title":"Objective wearable measures and subjective questionnaires for predicting response to neurostimulation in people with chronic pain","volume":"9","author":"Heros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1119","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001119","article-title":"Night time heart rate predicts next-day pain in fibromyalgia and primary back pain","volume":"9","author":"Dudarev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8231","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198231","article-title":"Objective measurement of subjective pain perception with autonomic body reactions in healthy subjects and chronic back pain patients: an experimental heat pain study","volume":"23","author":"Luebke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Shimmer3 IMU Unit 2024","year":""},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240220","article-title":"Validation of the polar V800 heart rate monitor and comparison of artifact correction methods among adults with hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Cilhoroz","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2015.7299424","article-title":"Experimental assessment of human-body-like tissue as a communication channel for galvanic coupling","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2015"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34885-4_15","article-title":"Are you in pain? Predicting pain and stiffness from wearable sensor activity data","author":"Sett","year":"2019"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.329","article-title":"Wearable movement data as a potential digital biomarker for chronic pain: an investigation using deep learning","volume":"8","author":"Dorris","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-019-00619-1","article-title":"Deep learning for time series classification: a review","volume":"33","author":"Ismail Fawaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Min Knowl Discov"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.168","article-title":"Objective digital phenotypes of worry severity, pain severity and pain chronicity in persons living with HIV","volume":"218","author":"Jacobson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2204.02623","article-title":"Attention-based CNN-LSTM and XGBoost hybrid model for stock prediction","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04023138","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-13795","article-title":"A feature-level fusion-based multimodal analysis of recognition and classification of awkward working postures in construction","volume":"149","author":"Xiahou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Constr Eng Manag"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdr.2021.100287","article-title":"A decision-level fusion method for COVID-19 patient health prediction","volume":"27","author":"Gumaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Big Data Research"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60141","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3176367","article-title":"An interpretable deep learning classifier for epileptic seizure prediction using EEG data","volume":"10","author":"Jemal","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Committed to proactively addressing our customers\u2019 security and privacy concerns","year":"2023"},{"key":"B54","article-title":"Regulatory & Quality Certifications","year":"2024"},{"key":"B55","article-title":"ActiGraph Compliance Center","year":"2024"},{"key":"B56","article-title":"Legal & Compliance","year":""},{"key":"B57","article-title":"Apple stops selling Watch Series 3 \u2014 eight months after its last security update","year":"2023"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-017-0110-7","article-title":"Big healthcare data: preserving security and privacy","volume":"5","author":"Abouelmehdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Big Data"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2022.04.001","article-title":"Medical 4.0 technologies for healthcare: features, capabilities, and applications","volume":"2","author":"Haleem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Things Cyber-Phys Syst"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2460697","article-title":"Multimodal data fusion: an overview of methods, challenges, and prospects","volume":"103","author":"Lahat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284205","article-title":"The fourth dimension: physiological resilience as an independent determinant of endurance exercise performance","volume":"602","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000493277","article-title":"Observational study of a wearable sensor and smartphone application supporting unsupervised exercises to assess pain and stiffness","volume":"2","author":"Perraudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digit Biomark"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/OJEMB.2023.3256181","article-title":"Localized multi-site knee bioimpedance as a predictor for knee osteoarthritis associated pain within older adults during free-living","volume":"4","author":"Critcher","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Eng Med Biol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45355","DOI":"10.2196\/45355","article-title":"Predicting pain in people with sickle cell disease in the day hospital using the commercial wearable apple watch: feasibility study","volume":"7","author":"Stojancic","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CDS52072.2021.00111","article-title":"An overview and analysis of hybrid encryption: the combination of symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.107991","article-title":"A novel hybrid encryption method to secure healthcare data in IoT-enabled healthcare infrastructure","volume":"101","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/GPECOM52585.2021.9607322","article-title":"Certificate based authentication scheme for smart homes","author":"Nyangaresi","year":"2021"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076231177144","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231177144","article-title":"A review of multi-factor authentication in the internet of healthcare things","volume":"9","author":"Suleski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"B69","volume-title":"An Approach Towards the Development of Scalable Data Masking for Preserving Privacy of Sensitive Business Data. Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Computations in Engineering Systems","author":"Jain","year":"2020"},{"key":"B70","article-title":"Data masking and tokenisation","author":"Bosnjak","year":""},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2969326","article-title":"A survey on access control in the age of internet of things","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54646\/bijcs.019","article-title":"A secured database monitoring method to improve data backup and recovery operations in cloud computing","volume":"2","author":"Ramesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BOHR Int J Comput Sci"},{"key":"B73","article-title":"Malware Protection: Types, Tools and Best Practices","year":"2024"},{"key":"B74","volume-title":"What is a Software Maintenance Process? 4 Types of Software Maintenance","year":"2024"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11040610","article-title":"An overview of medical electronic hardware security and emerging solutions","volume":"11","author":"Taheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1581285\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T05:27:03Z","timestamp":1747891623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1581285\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1581285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1581285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"article-number":"1581285"}}