{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:47:52Z","timestamp":1784958472093,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital Twin (DT) technology is revolutionizing healthcare by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and highly personalized medical care. As a key innovation of Industry 4.0, DTs integrate advanced tools like artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and machine learning (ML) to create dynamic, data-driven replicas of patients. These digital replicas allow simulations of disease progression, optimize diagnostics, and personalize treatment plans based on individual genetic and lifestyle profiles. This review explores the evolution, architecture, and enabling technologies of DTs, focusing on their transformative applications in personalized medicine (PM). While the integration of DTs offers immense potential to improve outcomes and efficiency in healthcare, challenges such as data privacy, system interoperability, and ethical concerns must be addressed. The paper concludes by highlighting future directions, where AI, cloud computing, and blockchain are expected to play a pivotal role in overcoming these limitations and advancing precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1583466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T15:21:49Z","timestamp":1754580109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Digital twin for personalized medicine development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Saniya Y.","family":"Saratkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meher","family":"Langote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradnyawant","family":"Gote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Induni Nayodhara","family":"Weerarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav V.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Use Cases & Benefits of Digital Twins in Healthcare for 2024","author":"Dilmegani","year":""},{"key":"B2","article-title":"How Digital Twins Can Accelerate Healthcare Transformation","author":"Niehaus","year":""},{"key":"B3","year":""},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5555\/3370272.3370310","article-title":"Towards continuous monitoring in personalized healthcare through digital twins","author":"Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21428\/e90189c8.bdb0264f","article-title":"Digital twin technology in healthcare: applications, challenges, and future insights","author":"Quazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Glob Innov Solutions"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.61137\/ijsret.vol.10.issue4.199","article-title":"Digital twin technology: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Abayadeera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Eng Trends"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1","article-title":"The digital twin revolution in healthcare","author":"Erol","year":"2020"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.26502\/acbr.50170352","article-title":"Digital twins in healthcare: a survey of current methods","volume":"7","author":"Ghatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Clin Biomed Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/HCI2021.18","article-title":"Future outlook on the materialisation, expectations and implementation of digital twins in healthcare","author":"De Maeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the BCS 34th British HCI Conference 2021; 2021 Jul 20\u201321"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2024-0517","article-title":"Dynamic mirroring: unveiling the role of digital twins, artificial intelligence and synthetic data for personalized medicine in laboratory medicine","volume":"62","author":"Padoan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med(CCLM)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37641","DOI":"10.2196\/37641","article-title":"Digital twins for managing health care systems: rapid literature review","volume":"24","author":"Elkefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1134\/S0361768821080284","article-title":"Digital twins, internet of things and Mobile medicine: a review of current platforms to support smart healthcare","volume":"47","author":"Volkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Program Comput Softw"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080745","article-title":"Digital twins: from personalised medicine to precision public health","volume":"11","author":"Kamel Boulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B14","year":""},{"key":"B15","year":""},{"key":"B16","year":""},{"key":"B17","article-title":"What Is a Digital Twin? | IBM. ibm.com","year":"2023"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"What are Digital Twins and How do They Work? | Unity","year":"2025"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5454","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135454","article-title":"Digital twin\u2014a review of the evolution from concept to technology and its analytical perspectives on applications in Various fields","volume":"14","author":"Iliu\u0163\u0103","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/asi4020036","article-title":"Digital twin: origin to future","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Syst Innov"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001","article-title":"Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin","volume":"58","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Mayo Clinic launches Mayo Clinic Digital Pathology to modernize pathology, speed medical breakthroughs","year":""},{"key":"B23","article-title":"Digital twins: The next frontier of factory optimization","year":""},{"key":"B24","first-page":"365","article-title":"Digital twins in healthcare: a survey of current Methods","author":"Ghatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2013-1578","article-title":"Multiphysics stimulated simulation digital twin methods for fleet management","author":"Reifsnider","year":"2013"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10139","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810139","article-title":"Sustainable development of smart manufacturing driven by the digital twin framework: a statistical analysis","volume":"13","author":"Warke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5918","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155918","article-title":"Personal digital twin: a close Look into the present and a step towards the future of personalised healthcare industry","volume":"22","author":"Sahal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-1928","article-title":"Challenges of digital twin in high value manufacturing","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103469","article-title":"Digital twin paradigm: a systematic literature review","volume":"130","author":"Semeraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167653","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953499","article-title":"A survey on digital twin: definitions, characteristics, applications, and design implications","volume":"7","author":"Barricelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.118.2200071","article-title":"Human digital twin for personalized healthcare: vision, architecture and future directions","volume":"37","author":"Okegbile","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"Innovative Solutions: AI-Enabled Medical Devices and Digital Twin Technology Shaping Future Healthcare","author":"Inaganti","year":"2023"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108952","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998358","article-title":"Digital twin: enabling technologies, challenges and open research","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2024.100398","article-title":"Digital twins and industrial internet of things: uncovering operational intelligence in industry 4.0","volume":"10","author":"Attaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Decis Anal J"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2021.100661","article-title":"WLDT: a general purpose library to build IoT digital twins","volume":"13","author":"Picone","year":"2021","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"B36","article-title":"Digital twins market by technology, twinning type, cyber-to-physical solutions, use cases and applications in industry verticals 2022\u20132027","year":""},{"key":"B37","article-title":"The internet of things: limitless opportunities for business and society","year":""},{"key":"B38","article-title":"The cloud enables next generation digital twin","year":""},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.12688\/digitaltwin.17524.1","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in the digital twins: state of the art, challenges, and future research topics","volume":"1","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digital Twin"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6340","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196340","article-title":"A survey on AI-driven digital twins in industry 4.0: smart manufacturing and advanced robotics","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B41","article-title":"What Is Extended Reality Technology? A Simple Explanation For Anyone","year":""},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2022.06.004","article-title":"Empowering digital twins with eXtended reality collaborations","volume":"4","author":"Stacchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Reality Intell Hardware"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/16258312.2020.1751568","article-title":"Digital technology enablers and their implications for supply chain management","volume":"21","author":"Attaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Supply Chain Forum"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.11.002","article-title":"Blockchain-based trust mechanism for digital twin empowered industrial internet of things","volume":"141","author":"Sasikumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gen Comput Syst"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Draft modeling, simulation, information technology & processing roadmap","volume":"11","author":"Shafto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2014.12.001","article-title":"A cyber-physical systems architecture for industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Manuf Lett"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03003-2_32","article-title":"A six-layer digital twin architecture for a manufacturing cell","volume":"13","author":"Redelinghuys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.06.015","article-title":"Digital twin modeling","volume":"64","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349379","article-title":"A systematic literature review of digital twin research for healthcare systems: research trends, gaps, and realization challenges","volume":"12","author":"Xames","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.3390\/en14164919","article-title":"How digital twin concept supports internal transport systems?\u2014literature review","volume":"14","author":"Kosacka-Olejnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043470","article-title":"Generic multi-layered digital-twin-framework-enabled asset lifecycle management for the sustainable mining industry","volume":"15","author":"El Bazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3205506","article-title":"Digital twins in healthcare: an architectural proposal and its application in a social distancing case study","volume":"27","author":"De Benedictis","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582241296792","article-title":"Architecture designing of digital twin in a healthcare unit","volume":"30","author":"Noeikham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Informatics J"},{"key":"B54","article-title":"Digital Twin \u2013 Top Use Cases in Healthcare","year":""},{"key":"B55","year":""},{"key":"B56","article-title":"Siemens expands green energy potential with virtual power plants","year":""},{"key":"B57","year":""},{"key":"B58","article-title":"How BMW leverages the Industrial Metaverse","year":""},{"key":"B59","article-title":"Digital Roads of the Future","year":""},{"key":"B60","article-title":"Digital Twin Trends for 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-76564-3_7","article-title":"Towards continuous monitoring in personalized healthcare through digital twins","author":"Rivera","year":"2019"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Five-dimension digital twin model and its ten applications","volume":"25","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jisuanji Jicheng Zhizao Xitong\/Comput Integr Manuf Syst"},{"key":"B63","article-title":"What is Digital Twin Technology and How Does it Work? twi-global.com","year":"2024"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2024.3409173","article-title":"AI-Generated Content-as-a-Service in IoMT-based smart homes: personalizing patient care with human digital twins","author":"Akram","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Consumer Electron"},{"key":"B65","article-title":"Digital Twin Applications in Healthcare \u2013 The Revolution of the Next Decade","year":""},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Digital Twin Applications\/ Use Cases by Industry","year":""},{"key":"B67","article-title":"Brand Lab; Digital Twin: Bridging the Physical-Digital Divide","year":"2017"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2014.07.023","article-title":"Modeling vibratory damage with reduced-order models and the generalized finite element method","volume":"333","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sound Vib"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.06.141","article-title":"About the importance of autonomy and digital twins for the future of manufacturing","volume":"48","author":"Rosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2118\/195790-MS","article-title":"Developing a Digital Twin: The Roadmap for Oil and Gas Optimization","volume-title":"Day 1 Tue, September 03, 2019, SPE","author":"LaGrange","year":"2019"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5727","DOI":"10.3390\/app12115727","article-title":"Applications of digital twin across industries: a review","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2018.11.007","article-title":"Industry 4.0: a bibliometric analysis and detailed overview","volume":"78","author":"Muhuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"B73","article-title":"TATA HIsarna Process Stability - Digital Twin","year":""},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0911-3","article-title":"An application framework of digital twin and its case study","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"key":"B75","article-title":"Digital twin market: Analyzing growth and emerging trends","year":""},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0701-3","article-title":"Digital twins to personalize medicine","volume":"12","author":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2022.02.002","article-title":"Precision medicine with multi-omics strategies, deep phenotyping, and predictive analysis","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030380","article-title":"Personalised medicine\u2014implementation to the healthcare system in Europe (focus group discussions)","volume":"13","author":"Stefanicka-Wojtas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/JIMSE-12-2020-010","article-title":"Digital twin: a state-of-the-art review of its enabling technologies, applications and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf Spec Equip"},{"key":"B80","year":""},{"key":"B81","article-title":"Personalized medicine","author":"Raby","year":"2023"},{"key":"B82","first-page":"31","article-title":"Advancing research in personalized medicine","volume":"13","author":"Terrie","year":"2023","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"key":"B83","article-title":"What is personalized medicine?","year":""},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2019.09.002","article-title":"French Scientific medical journals confronted by developments in medical writing and the transformation of the medical press","volume":"136","author":"Laccourreye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-022123-022046","article-title":"Health digital twins in life science and health care innovation","volume":"64","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11060679","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine","volume":"11","author":"Cecchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm2010001","article-title":"Personalized medicine and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.05.006","article-title":"Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress","volume":"109","author":"Goetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B89","article-title":"The Evolution of Personalized Medicine","author":"Harold","year":"2018"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003009337-8","article-title":"An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae","author":"Jenner","year":""},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569175","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.569175","article-title":"Milestones in personalized medicine: from the ancient time to nowadays\u2014the provocation of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Visvikis-Siest","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B92","first-page":"6","article-title":"Personalized medicine. History, current state and future directions","author":"Shlyakhto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russian J Person Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.02.009","article-title":"Precision medicine: the new era in medicine","volume":"4","author":"Twilt","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2019.05.006","article-title":"Origin of personalized medicine in pioneering, passionate, genomic research","volume":"112","author":"Barrera-Salda\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1162\/99608f92.3e85b56a","article-title":"Precision medicine and its imprecise history","volume":"109","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv Data Sci Rev"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.18585\/inabj.v8i3.271","article-title":"Personalized medicine: the future of health care","volume":"8","author":"Anna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indonesian Biomed J"},{"key":"B97","article-title":"A History Timeline About Personalized Medicine","year":""},{"key":"B98","article-title":"Advances in Personalized Medicine","author":"Geffert","year":""},{"key":"B99","article-title":"How Personalized Medicine Is Transforming Healthcare","author":"Fred Schwaller","year":"2022"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.122.000810","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics: driving personalized medicine","volume":"75","author":"Sadee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B101","article-title":"Genetic Testing and Personalized Medicines","author":"Simmons","year":""},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-6-545","article-title":"The rise of the genome and personalised medicine","volume":"17","author":"Brittain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20210244","article-title":"Multi-omics strategies for personalized and predictive medicine: past, current, and future translational opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Top Life Sci"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250340","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1250340","article-title":"From multi-omics approaches to personalized medicine in myocardial infarction","volume":"10","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipha.2024.08.005","article-title":"AI\u2019s role in revolutionizing personalized medicine by reshaping pharmacogenomics and drug therapy","author":"Taherdoost","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intell Pharmacy"},{"key":"B106","article-title":"Data science and the personalised medicine revolution","author":"Miftari","year":"2024"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2018.06.004","article-title":"From health to wealth: the future of personalized medicine in the making","volume":"109","author":"Tarkkala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"B108","article-title":"How \u2018digital twin\u2019 technology harnesses biology and computing to power personalized medicine","author":"Laubenbacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092793","article-title":"Enhancing healthcare through sensor-enabled digital twins in smart environments: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"24","author":"Adibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6030083","article-title":"Impactful digital twin in the healthcare revolution","volume":"6","author":"Hassani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn Comput"},{"key":"B111","article-title":"Leveraging Digital Twin in Healthcare","year":"2024"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.22214\/ijraset.2023.52792","article-title":"A systematic review: digital twin in healthcare","volume":"11","author":"Roopa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.21275\/SR24123201307","article-title":"Digital twin technology in healthcare: a basic review","volume":"13","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"B114","article-title":"Applying Digital Twins in Healthcare","author":"McKenna","year":"2024"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907066","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.907066","article-title":"The digital twin in medicine: a key to the future of healthcare?","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B116","year":""},{"key":"B117","year":""},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2024.101028","article-title":"Concepts and applications of digital twins in healthcare and medicine","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50204","DOI":"10.2196\/50204","article-title":"Envisioning the future of personalized medicine: role and realities of digital twins","volume":"26","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7940","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137940","article-title":"Digital twins: the new frontier for personalized medicine?","volume":"13","author":"Cellina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B121","article-title":"A Revolution of Personalized Healthcare: Enabling Human Digital Twin with Mobile AIGC. IEEE","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00694-7","article-title":"Health digital twins as tools for precision medicine: considerations for computation, implementation, and regulation","volume":"5","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669811","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.669811","article-title":"Digital twins for multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Voigt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14534","article-title":"Overview of predictive maintenance based on digital twin technology","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2023.02.001","article-title":"Exploring the revolution in healthcare systems through the applications of digital twin technology","volume":"4","author":"Haleem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Technol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125576","article-title":"A digital twins machine learning model for forecasting disease progression in stroke patients","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3390\/app11031097","article-title":"Developing a digital twin and digital thread framework for an \u2018industry 4.0\u2019 shipyard","volume":"11","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100165","article-title":"Digital twin: benefits, use cases, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Attaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Decis Anal J"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081255","article-title":"Digital twins in healthcare: is it the beginning of a new era of evidence-based medicine? A critical review","volume":"12","author":"Armeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076221149652","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221149651","article-title":"Digital twin in healthcare: recent updates and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12884","article-title":"Precision medicine, AI, and the future of personalized health care","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02160-z","article-title":"The next generation of evidence-based medicine","volume":"29","author":"Subbiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B133","article-title":"Unleash the power of cyber digital twin A new way to analyze and secure your cyber ph","year":""},{"key":"B134","year":""},{"key":"B135","article-title":"RPA in Healthcare: Cases, Benefits, and Challenges","year":""},{"key":"B136","article-title":"Only Technology that Combines Digital Twin & AI to Revolutionize Structural Heart Planning: FEops HEARTguideTM","year":""},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01146-0","article-title":"The effectiveness of digital twins in promoting precision health across the entire population: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B138","article-title":"How digital twins of human cells are accelerating drug discovery","year":""},{"key":"B139","article-title":"How Pfizer Leveraged Digital Twins to Create a Process Scale-Up Roadmap","year":""},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349595","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1349595","article-title":"Toward mechanistic medical digital twins: some use cases in immunology","volume":"6","author":"Laubenbacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","article-title":"Digital twin in industry: state-of-the-art","volume":"11","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"B142","article-title":"Predictive Analytics in Healthcare","author":"Nnamdi","year":"2024"},{"key":"B143","article-title":"Digital Twin Applications in Healthcare -A literature review","author":"Upadrista","year":"2024"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928387","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2022.928387","article-title":"Drug development digital twins for drug discovery, testing and repurposing: a schema for requirements and development","volume":"2","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Syst Biol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2019.0066","article-title":"Remote patient monitoring: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"de Farias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telemed e-Health"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350620975896","article-title":"The potential of a digital twin in surgery","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Innov"},{"key":"B147","article-title":"Leveraging Digital Twin in Healthcare","year":""},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253050","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1253050","article-title":"Digital twin for healthcare systems","volume":"5","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"B149","first-page":"1","article-title":"Five-dimension digital twin model and its ten applications,\u201d","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jisuanji Jicheng Zhizao Xitong\/Comput Integr Manuf Syst CIMS"},{"key":"B150","article-title":"Digital Twin Challenges and How They Affect The Industry. Digital Twin Insider","year":""},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40504-021-00113-x","article-title":"The use of digital twins in healthcare: socio-ethical benefits and socio-ethical risks","volume":"17","author":"Popa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci Soc Policy"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2012-1812","article-title":"The airframe digital twin: some challenges to realization","author":"Tuegel","year":"2012"},{"key":"B153","article-title":"Digital Twins Part 2: Enabling Technologies and Challenges","year":"2021"},{"key":"B154","article-title":"Cost of Implementing Digital Twin Solution","year":""},{"key":"B155","article-title":"Digital Twin in Healthcare: What It Is, What It Does","year":""},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01073-0","article-title":"Digital twins for health: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Katsoulakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33081","DOI":"10.2196\/33081","article-title":"Ethical issues of digital twins for personalized health care service: preliminary mapping study","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B158","article-title":"Digital Twin Technology Market Opportunities and Strategies to 2033 - Role of Digital Twins in Modern Medical Innovation and Trials for Disease and Therapy Research","year":""},{"key":"B159","article-title":"Wired Brand Lab; Digital Twin: Bridging the Physical-Digital Divide","year":"2017"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04499","DOI":"10.26668\/businessreview\/2024.v9i3.4499","article-title":"Digital transformation potential: the role of artificial intelligence in business","volume":"9","author":"Oyekunle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Prof Bus Rev"},{"key":"B161","article-title":"Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication","author":"Grieves","year":"2015"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108045","article-title":"An architectural building cluster morphology generation method to perceive, derive, and form based on cyborg-physical wind tunnel (CPWT)","volume":"203","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"B163","article-title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Medicine","year":""},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-6684-5231-8.ch004","article-title":"A review of trends, opportunities, practices, and security challenges in cloud computing for telehealth","author":"Mohana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advancement, Opportunities, and Practices in Telehealth Technology"},{"key":"B165","article-title":"The power of massive, intelligent, digital twins","year":""},{"key":"B166","article-title":"Exploring Digital Twin Technology: Market Landscape, Applications and Industry Insights","year":""},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2024.02.016","article-title":"The progress and trend of digital twin research over the last 20 years: a bibliometrics-based visualization analysis","volume":"74","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"B168","article-title":"Digital Twin Market Size 2024: Current State & Future Trends","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1583466\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T15:21:52Z","timestamp":1754580112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1583466\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":168,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1583466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1583466","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"article-number":"1583466"}}