{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:45:43Z","timestamp":1763988343210,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are increasingly consulted for dental aesthetics information. This study evaluated the performance of multiple large language models (LLMs) in answering patient questions about tooth whitening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>109 patient-derived questions, categorized into five clinical domains, were submitted to four LLMs: ChatGPT-4o, Google Gemini, DeepSeek R1, and DentalGPT. Two calibrated specialists evaluated responses for usefulness, quality (Global Quality Scale), reliability (CLEAR tool), and readability (Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease, SMOG index).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The models generated consistently high-quality information. Most responses (68%) were \u201cvery useful\u201d (mean score: 1.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3). Quality (mean GQS: 3.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0) and reliability (mean CLEAR: 22.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4) were high, with no significant differences between models or domains (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). However, readability was a major limitation, with a mean FRE score of 36.3 (\u201cdifficult\u201d level) and a SMOG index of 11.0, requiring a high school reading level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contemporary LLMs provide useful and reliable information on tooth whitening but deliver it at a reading level incompatible with average patient health literacy. To be effective patient education adjuncts, future AI development must prioritize readability simplification alongside informational accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1710159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:32:35Z","timestamp":1763987555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The evaluation of tooth whitening from a perspective of artificial intelligence: a comparative analytical study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Al-Haddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mikel","family":"Alrabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Othman","family":"Saadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"George","family":"Alrabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yazan","family":"Hassona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2014.02.006","article-title":"Tooth whitening: what we now know","volume":"14","author":"Carey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.01.007","article-title":"In vitro comparison of natural tooth-whitening remedies and professional tooth-whitening systems","volume":"35","author":"Abidia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Teeth Whitening Market Size, Value, Growth Report, 2030. 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