{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:34:22Z","timestamp":1783704862131,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Digit. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental dyslexia is a prevalent neurobiological disorder affecting 10%\u201315% of children globally, yet it remains largely undiagnosed due to the inaccessibility of conventional assessments in resource-limited settings. Existing screening methods are further constrained by their reliance on unimodal data streams and the need for large, clinically-labeled datasets. This paper presents Akshar Mitra, a Multimodal Integrated Framework (MMF), a novel computational methodology designed for accessible and early dyslexia screening. The framework pioneers the integration of three low-cost, high-yield digital biomarkers derived from eye-tracking, speech, and handwriting analysis.The MMF is implemented through three modules: webcam-based eye-tracking for fixation and saccadic analysis, automated speech assessment for fluency metrics, and optical character recognition for handwriting error detection. Each module extracts 4\u20136 interpretable features (e.g., fixation regressions, word-error rate, character reversals) that are standardized via a shared data schema. These objective measures are augmented by a concise behavioral questionnaire to generate a holistic risk profile. Beyond screening, the system incorporates support tools, including a dyslexia-friendly reading interface with syllable-level highlighting, to foster user engagement and confidence.By creating a scalable, language-agnostic, and explainable system, this work offers a viable pathway to bridge the global dyslexia diagnostic gap. The MMF provides a transformative tool for proactive screening, facilitating early intervention and improving educational outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1726307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:25:27Z","timestamp":1764332727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Akshar Mitra: a multimodal integrated framework for early dyslexia detection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Vibha","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ocean","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manya","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashi","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Babar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebakah","family":"Geddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Awais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant","family":"Ghayvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380507","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"338","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315108346-18","article-title":"Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia","author":"Frith","year":""},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380201701209","article-title":"Atypical brain activation of reading processes in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"17","author":"Backes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171999","article-title":"Dyslexia: a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience","volume":"325","author":"Gabrieli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"7","article-title":"Reading disability and the brain","volume":"61","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educ Leadersh"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn3001_5","article-title":"The role of functional magnetic resonance imaging in understanding reading and dyslexia","volume":"30","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-021-00538-x","article-title":"Oculomotor control in children with special educational needs (SEN): the development and piloting of a novel app-based therapeutic intervention","volume":"11","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Technol (Berl)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415609606","article-title":"Eye movements and articulations during a letter naming speed task: children with and without dyslexia","volume":"50","author":"Al Dahhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-75823-2_3","article-title":"ETDD70: eye-tracking dataset for classification of dyslexia using AI-based methods","author":"Sedmidubsky","year":""},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-62849-8_33","article-title":"Dyslexia, reading\/writing disorders: assistive technology and accessibility: introduction to the special thematic session","author":"Schaur","year":""},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIHT.2017.7899141","article-title":"Diagnosis of dyslexia using computation analysis","author":"Al-Barhamtoshy","year":""},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.33736\/jcshd.510.2017","article-title":"A research review: how technology helps to improve the learning process of learners with dyslexia","volume":"2","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cogn Sci Hum Dev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182597","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182597","article-title":"RADAR: a novel fast-screening method for reading difficulties with special focus on dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Smyrnakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/382066a0","article-title":"Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging","volume":"382","author":"Eden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14111256","article-title":"Using eye-tracking to assess dyslexia: a systematic review of emerging evidence","volume":"14","author":"Toki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"DysLexML: screening tool for dyslexia using machine learning","author":"Asvestopoulou","year":""},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-95841-0_20","article-title":"Developing a dyslexia indicator using eye tracking","author":"Cogan","year":""},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01845.x","article-title":"A case study of developmental phonological dyslexia","volume":"74","author":"Temple","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2016.1161732","article-title":"Effects of text-to-speech software use on the reading proficiency of high school struggling readers","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3573128.3609351","article-title":"Deep-learning for dysgraphia detection in children handwritings","author":"Gemelli","year":""},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-9512-5_38","article-title":"Comparative study of optical character recognition using different techniques on scanned handwritten images","author":"Singh","year":""},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"ETDD70: Eye-Tracking Dyslexia Dataset","author":"Dostalova","year":"2024"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2006.0025","article-title":"Trajectories of reading development: a follow-up from birth to school age of children with and without risk for dyslexia","volume":"52","author":"Lyytinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Merrill Palmer Q"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Dyslexia in a Multicultural Context","author":"Verpalen","year":"2017"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2016.1234567","article-title":"Academic motivation in children with dyslexia","volume":"110","author":"Lodygowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Educ Res"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Benchmarking vision-language models on optical character recognition in dynamic video environments","author":"Nagaonkar","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1726307\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:25:29Z","timestamp":1764332729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1726307\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1726307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1726307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-253X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-253X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"article-number":"1726307"}}