{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T03:40:24Z","timestamp":1778125224633,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of technology, Moore's law will come to an end, and scientists are trying to find a new way out in brain-like computing. But we still know very little about how the brain works. At the present stage of research, brain-like models are all structured to mimic the brain in order to achieve some of the brain's functions, and then continue to improve the theories and models. This article summarizes the important progress and status of brain-like computing, summarizes the generally accepted and feasible brain-like computing models, introduces, analyzes, and compares the more mature brain-like computing chips, outlines the attempts and challenges of brain-like computing applications at this stage, and looks forward to the future development of brain-like computing. It is hoped that the summarized results will help relevant researchers and practitioners to quickly grasp the research progress in the field of brain-like computing and acquire the application methods and related knowledge in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.1041108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T12:12:23Z","timestamp":1669291943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An overview of brain-like computing: Architecture, applications, and future trends"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shitao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qionglu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2016.7598245","article-title":"A highly tunable 65-nm CMOS LIF neuron for a largescale neuromorphic system","volume-title":"ESSCIRC Conference 2016, 42nd. European Solid-State Circuits Conference","author":"Aamir","year":"2016"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2018.2840718","article-title":"An accelerated lif neuronal network array for a large-scale mixed-signal neuromorphic architecture","volume":"65","author":"Aamir","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Papers."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00161-6","article-title":"Lapicque's introduction of the integrate-and-fire model neuron","volume":"50","author":"Abbott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Introduction To Categories and Categorical Logic\/New Structures For Physics.","author":"Abramsky","year":"2010"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/03461238.2012.687697","article-title":"The moments of the Gompertz distribution and maximum likelihood estimation of its parameters","volume":"23","author":"Adam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand Actuarial J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.9734\/ajrcos\/2021\/v9i430228","article-title":"A survey of supervised learning models for spiking neural network","volume":"9","author":"Agebure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Res. Comput. Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000191","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000191","article-title":"Roadmap for reaching the potential of brain-derived computing","volume":"3","author":"Aimone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/546\/5\/052050","article-title":"Estimation parameter of generalized poisson regression model using generalized method of moments and its application","volume":"546","author":"Allo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1592156","author":"Amundson","year":"1911","journal-title":"Response to NITRD, NCO, NSF Request for Information on \u201cUpdate to the 2016 National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.046","article-title":"The human brain project: creating a European research infrastructure to decode the human brain","volume":"92","author":"Amunts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7532","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00786","article-title":"A low power, high throughput, fully event-based stereo system","author":"Andreopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134462","article-title":"A low-power spiking neural network chip based on a compact LIF neuron and binary exponential charge injector synapse circuits","volume":"21","author":"Asghar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/IJHPSA.2022.121877","article-title":"Memory-processor co-scheduling for real-time tasks on network-on-chip manycore architectures","volume":"11","author":"Benchehida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. High Perf. Syst. Architect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2313565","article-title":"Neurogrid: a mixed-analog-digital multichip system for large-scale neural simulations","volume":"102","author":"Benjamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/44573","article-title":"Distributed synaptic modification in neural networks induced by patterned stimulation","volume":"401","author":"Bi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Lattice Theory","author":"Birkhoff","year":"1940"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1109\/82.842110","article-title":"Point-to-point connectivity between neuromorphic chips using address events","volume":"47","author":"Boahen","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Analog Digital Signal Process."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1109\/31.31323","article-title":"heteroassociative memory using current-mode MOS analog VLSI circuits","volume":"36","author":"Boahen","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04933-y","article-title":"Neuromorphic computing with multi-memristive synapses","volume":"9","author":"Boybat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00686.2005","article-title":"Adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model as an effective description of neuronal activity","volume":"94","author":"Brette","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-006-0068-6","article-title":"A review of the integrate-and-fire neuron model: I. homogeneous synaptic input","volume":"95","author":"Burkitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06105","article-title":"Temporal precision in the neural code and the timescales of natural vision","volume":"449","author":"Butts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-014-0788-3","article-title":"Spiking deep convolutional neural networks for energy-efficient object recognition","volume":"113","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2019.00037","article-title":"Reconstruction and simulation of a scaffold model of the cerebellar network","volume":"13","author":"Casali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2007.119","article-title":"Understanding the impact of multi-core architecture in cluster computing: a case study with intel dual-core system","author":"Chai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seventh IEEE International Symposium On Cluster Computing and the Grid"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2007.1092","article-title":"Understanding the thermal implications of multi-core architectures","volume":"18","author":"Chaparro","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"7421","article-title":"Neuromorphic computing hardware: a review","volume":"2582","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Homepage"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"874","volume-title":"ALD Based Flexible Memristive Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing Application.","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002030","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202002030","article-title":"Photonic synapses with ultra-low energy consumption based on vertical organic field-effect","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2984003","article-title":"Brain-computer interface-based soft robotic glove rehabilitation for stroke","volume":"67","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2005.849136","article-title":"Neuromorphic implementation of orientation hypercolumns","volume":"52","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Papers."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1802\/3\/032031","article-title":"Research on low-power main control chip architecture based on edge computing technology","volume":"1802","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"196","article-title":"Brain-computer interface use to control military weapons and tools","volume-title":"International Scientific Conference on Brain-Computer Interfaces BCI Opole","author":"Czech","year":"2021"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"373","article-title":"Study of spiking neural network architecture for neuromorphic computing","volume-title":"2022 IEEE 11th International Conference on Communication, Systems and Network Technologies CSNT","author":"Das","year":"2022"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"European artificial intelligence (AI) leadership, the path for an integrated vision","author":"Delponte","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Parliament."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2013.6637759","article-title":"Temporal coding of local spectrogram features for robust sound recognition","volume-title":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","author":"Dennis","year":"2013"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2015.7280696","author":"Diehl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fast-Classifying, High-Accuracy Spiking Deep Networks Through Weight and Threshold Balancing"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2022.3145016","article-title":"A hybrid-mode on-chip router for the large-scale FPGA-based neuromorphic platform","volume":"69","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Papers"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl8913","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl8913","article-title":"Brain-like functional specialization emerges spontaneously in deep neural networks","volume":"8","author":"Dobs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06n","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218213021400145","article-title":"Deep learning-based mental health monitoring scheme for college students using convolutional neural network","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Artificial Intell. Tools"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for clinical, psychology and psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Dwyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2017.2714672","article-title":"Tackling the bus turnaround overhead in real-time SDRAM controllers","volume":"66","author":"Ecco","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"B43","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Silicon Photonic Subspace Neural Chip for Hardware-Efficient Deep Learning"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040233","author":"Florian","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Chronotron: A Neuron That Learns to Fire Temporally Precise Spike Patterns"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2579164","article-title":"Demonstrating hybrid learning in a flexible neuromorphic hardware system","volume":"11","author":"Friedmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"23","article-title":"Classifying patterns in a spiking neural network","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN2014)","author":"Gardner","year":"2014"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2020.2987736","article-title":"Continuous-flow matrix transposition using memories","volume":"67","author":"Garrido","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Papers"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2019.00035","article-title":"Complex electroresponsive dynamics in olivocerebellar neurons represented with extended-generalized leaky integrate and fire models","volume":"13","author":"Geminiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815706","volume-title":"Spiking Neuron Models: Single Neurons, Populations, Plasticity","author":"Gerstner","year":"2002"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.04.003","article-title":"A new supervised learning algorithm for multiple spiking neural networks with application in epilepsy and seizure detection","volume":"22","author":"Ghosh-Dastidar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.01.004","article-title":"To spike, or when to spike","volume":"25","author":"Giitig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Opinion Neurobiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19383","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105933108","article-title":"A triplet spike-timing\u2013dependent plasticity model generalizes the Bienenstock\u2013Cooper\u2013Munro rule to higher-order spatiotemporal correlations","volume":"108","author":"Gjorgjieva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.019","article-title":"Open source brain: a collaborative resource for visualizing, analyzing, simulating, and developing standardized models of neurons and circuits","volume":"103","author":"Gleeson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2458859","article-title":"Power\/performance trade-offs in real-time SDRAM command scheduling","volume":"65","author":"Goossens","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-017-0421-y","article-title":"Spike pattern recognition using artificial neuron and spike-timing-dependent plasticity implemented on a multi-core embedded platform","volume":"23","author":"Grassia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Life Robot."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-020-01558-7","article-title":"Verification and design methods for the brainscales neuromorphic hardware system","volume":"92","author":"Gr\u00fcbl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Signal Process. Syst."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"10","article-title":"Brain computing based on neural mimicry","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun CCF"},{"key":"B58","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Preliminary Concept of General Intelligent Network (GIN) for Brain-Like Intelligence."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1643","article-title":"The tempotron: a neuron that learns spike timing\u2013based decisions","volume":"9","author":"G\u00fctig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1990.137621","article-title":"VLSI architecture for high-performance, low-cost, on-chip learning","volume-title":"1990 IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE)","author":"Hammerstrom","year":"1990"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-021-3235-7","article-title":"Recent progress of integrated circuits and optoelectronic chips","volume":"64","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190904","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0069456","article-title":"Electrolyte-gated neuromorphic transistors for brain-like dynamic computing","volume":"130","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2007.01.005","article-title":"Approximation of 2-D and 3-D diffusion operators with variable full tensor coefficients on arbitrary meshes","volume":"196","author":"Hermeline","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"The Enigma","author":"Hodges","year":"1992"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogr.2022.07.002","article-title":"Survey of quantum computing hybrid applications with brain-computer interface","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognit. Robot."},{"key":"B66","first-page":"9","article-title":"Brain-like computing, comsputing now [J\/OL]","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Comput Society."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000639","article-title":"Toward decentralized and collaborative deep learning inference for intelligent iot devices","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2003.820440","article-title":"Simple model of spiking neurons","volume":"14","author":"Izhikevich","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.832719","article-title":"Which model to use for cortical spiking neurons?","volume":"15","author":"Izhikevich","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54137-7","article-title":"Deterministic networks for probabilistic computing","volume":"9","author":"Jordan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2015.09.011","article-title":"Evolving spatio-temporal data machines based on the NeuCube neuromorphic framework: design methodology and selected applications","volume":"78","author":"Kasabov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09443-y","article-title":"Neuromorphic chip integrated with a large-scale integration circuit and amorphous-metal-oxide semiconductor thin-film synapse devices","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/3DIC52383.2021.9687608","article-title":"Design for 3-D Stacked Neural Network Circuit with Cyclic Analog Computing","volume-title":"2021 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","author":"Kiyoyama","year":"2021"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.2.FOCUS1027","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces: military, neurosurgical, and ethical perspective","author":"Kotchetkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900174","article-title":"Estimation in the Pearson type 3 distribution","volume":"35","author":"Koutrouvelis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"B76","first-page":"620","article-title":"Louis lapicque","volume":"9","author":"Lapicque","year":"1907","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.10.002","article-title":"Place cells, spatial maps and the population code for memory","volume":"15","author":"Leutgeb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Opinion Neurobiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2016.0636","article-title":"Lossless image compression algorithm and hardware architecture for bandwidth reduction of external memory","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756876","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.756876","article-title":"STDP: Supervised spike timing dependent plasticity for efficient spiking neural network training","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2021.3059318","article-title":"Collaborative edge computing with FPGA-based CNN accelerators for energy-efficient and time-aware face tracking system","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Social Syst."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2017.01.003","article-title":"Darwin: a neuromorphic hardware co-processor based on spiking neural networks","volume":"77","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Arch."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1162\/089976602760407955","article-title":"Real-time computing without stable states: a new framework for neural computation based on perturbations","volume":"14","author":"Maass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2724-4","volume-title":"Ananalog VLSI System for Stereoscopic Vision.","author":"Mahowald","year":"1994"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2022.3185720","article-title":"An ultra-energy-efficient and high accuracy ECG classification processor with SNN inference assisted by on-chip, ANN learning","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst"},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Programming in VLSI: From Communicating Processes to Delay-Insensitive Circuits","author":"Martin","year":"1989"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.875789","article-title":"Asynchronous techniques for system-on-chip design","volume":"94","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v27i4.1904","article-title":"A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artifificial intelligence","volume":"27","author":"McCarthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.09-07-610","article-title":"Spike-timing error backpropagation in theta neuron networks","volume":"21","author":"McKennoch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B89","volume-title":"Analog VLSI and Neural Systems","author":"Mead","year":"1989"},{"key":"B90","author":"Merolla","year":"2003","journal-title":"A Recurrent Model of Orientation Maps with Simple and Complex Cells"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006423","article-title":"The physiological variability of channel density in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons explored using a unified data-driven modeling workflow","volume":"14","author":"Migliore","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2054-9369-1-14","article-title":"Non-invasive EEG- based brain-computer interfaces in patients with disorders of consciousness","volume":"1","author":"Miko\u0142ajewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Military Med. Res."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2012.08.034","article-title":"Training spiking neural networks to associate spatio-temporal input\u2013output spike patterns","volume":"107","author":"Mohemmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2020.100694","article-title":"Brain computer interface advancement in neurosciences: applications and issues","volume":"20","author":"Mudgal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interdisciplin. Neurosurg. Adv. Tech. Case Manage."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2020.35.367","article-title":"Parametric evaluation of routing algorithms in network on chip architecture","volume":"35","author":"Nejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.1989.10032","article-title":"The computer and the brain","volume":"11","author":"Neuman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Annals History Comput."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/CJAST\/2018\/44358","article-title":"Prospects and problems of brain computer interface in healthcare","volume":"23","author":"Olaronke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.12.001","article-title":"Sensory neural codes using multiplexed temporal scales","volume":"33","author":"Panzeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12546","article-title":"Technology matters: machine learning approaches to personalised child and adolescent mental health care","volume":"27","author":"Paton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolescent Mental Health"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1424-8","article-title":"Towards artificial general intelligence with hybrid Tianjicc chip architecture","volume":"572","author":"Pei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B101","article-title":"The effect of heterogeneity on decorrelation mechanisms in spiking neural networks: a neuromorphic-hardware study","volume-title":"11th G\u00f6ttingen Meeting of the German Neuroscience Society. Computational and Systems Neuroscience","author":"Pfeil","year":"2015"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14441","article-title":"Training and operation of an integrated neuromorphic network based on metal-oxide memristors","volume":"521","author":"Prezioso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4018\/IJMDWTFE.2019070103","article-title":"Eyeblink robot control using brain-computer interface for healthcare applications","volume":"10","author":"Ramakuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mobile Dev. Wearable Technol. Flexible Electron."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83209-w","article-title":"Stellate cell computational modeling predicts signal filtering in the molecular layer circuit of cerebellum","volume":"11","author":"Rizza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/exn088","article-title":"Quantale modules and their operators, with applications","volume":"20","author":"Russo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Logic Comput."},{"key":"B106","unstructured":"Estimation of the binominal distribution parameters using the method of moments and its asymptotic properties221230\n            SafiullinaA. N.\n          U\u010d\u00ebnye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta: Seri\u00e2 Fiziko-Matemati\u010deskie Nauki1582016"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01070.2005","article-title":"Synchronous activity in cat visual cortex encodes collinear and cocircular contours","volume":"95","author":"Samonds","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91741-8_6","author":"Schemmel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accelerated Analog Neuromorphic Computing"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2010.5536970","article-title":"Wafer-scale neuromorphic hardware system for large-scale neural modeling","author":"Schemmel","year":"2010","journal-title":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits, and Systems ISCAS (IEEE"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2007.378289","article-title":"Modeling synaptic plasticity within networks of highly accelerated Iand Fneurons","volume-title":"2007 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (IEEE)","author":"Schemmel","year":"2007"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2011.05.003","article-title":"A 32 GBit\/s communication SoC for a waferscale neuromorphic system","volume":"45","author":"Scholze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424905X19420042","article-title":"Classification of conscious, semi-conscious and minimally conscious state for medical assisting system using brain computer, interface and deep neural network","author":"Sengupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Robot. Res."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.345.6197.614","author":"Service","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Brain Chip"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5336\/biostatic.2017-54834","article-title":"The discrete poisson-akash distribution","volume":"6","author":"Shanker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Probab. Stat."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZY.1996.551719","article-title":"A learning algorithm for tuning fuzzy rules based on the gradient descent method","author":"Shi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE 5th International Fuzzy Systems"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2016.02.010","article-title":"Challenges in detection of premonitory electroencephalographic (EEG) changes of drug-induced seizure using a non-human primate EEG telemetry model","volume":"81","author":"Shiotani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"B117","volume-title":"Wiring Considerations in Analog VLSI Systems, with Application to Field-Programmable Networks","author":"Sivilotti","year":"1991"},{"key":"B118","author":"Sivilotti","year":"1990","journal-title":"A Novel Associative Memory Implemented Using Collective Computation"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00396","article-title":"Supervised learning in multilayer spiking neural networks","volume":"25","author":"Sporea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-015-1452-6","article-title":"Synchronization algorithm for predictors for SDRAM memories","volume":"71","author":"Stankovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093240","article-title":"Exploring optimized spiking neural network architectures for classification tasks on embedded platforms","volume":"21","author":"Syed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017502","article-title":"Neural networks with dynamic synapses","volume":"10","author":"Tsodyks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.2.719","article-title":"The neural code between neocortical pyramidal neurons depends on neurotransmitter release probability","volume":"94","author":"Tsodyks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.09.026","article-title":"On the accuracy and computational cost of spiking neuron implementation","volume":"122","author":"Valadez-God\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1162\/089976601300014321","article-title":"A novel spike distance","volume":"13","author":"van Rossum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-898X_8_2_003","article-title":"Metric-space analysis of spike trains: theory, algorithms and application","volume":"8","author":"Victor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Network Comput. Neural Syst."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2004.837751","article-title":"A brain-like neural network for periodicity analysis","volume":"35","author":"Voutsas","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICDT51558.2021.9626468","article-title":"All-solid-state ion doping synaptic transistor for bionic neural computing,\u201d","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"2021 International Conference on IC Design and Technology (ICICDT) (IEEE)"},{"key":"B129","unstructured":"New development of artificial cognitive computation: true north neuron chip1720\n            WangY. C.\n            HuaH. U.\n          Comput. Sci432016"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00450","article-title":"A new supervised learning algorithm for spiking neurons","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3089334","article-title":"BrainIoT: brain-like productive services provisioning with federated learning in industrial IoT","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.09.029","article-title":"AI-enabled emotion-aware robot: the fusion of smart clothing, edge clouds and robotics","volume":"102","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.240","article-title":"Memristive devices for computing","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1145\/3386263.3406940","article-title":"Analog circuit implementation of LIF, and, STDP models for spiking neural networks","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 on Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1990.137618","article-title":"Design, fabrication and evaluation of a 5-inch wafer scale neural network LSI composed on 576 digital neurons","volume-title":"1990 IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","author":"Yasunaga","year":"1990"},{"key":"B136","volume-title":"The Computer and the Brain","author":"Yon Neumann","year":"1958"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2245677","article-title":"Rapid feedforward computation by temporal encoding and learning with spiking neurons","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"B138","first-page":"87","article-title":"Parallelization of NCS and algorithm based on heterogeneous multi-core prototype chip","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microelectron. Comput."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12198","article-title":"Spectrum-dependent photonic synapses based on 2D imine polymers for power-efficient neuromorphic computing","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"B140","first-page":"54","article-title":"Design and implementation of NEST brain-like simulator based on heterogeneous computing platform","volume":"39","author":"Zhenghao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microelectron. Comput."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3458817.3480958","article-title":"Scalable edge-based hyperdimensional learning system with brain-like neural adaptation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing Networking Storage and Analysis","author":"Zou","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurorobotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2022.1041108\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T12:12:50Z","timestamp":1669291970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2022.1041108\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":141,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbot.2022.1041108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbot.2022.1041108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"article-number":"1041108"}}