{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T10:56:55Z","timestamp":1768647415568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a leading cause of ambulation deficits in the United States every year. ABI (stroke, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy) results in ambulation deficits with residual gait and balance deviations persisting even after 1 year. Current research is focused on evaluating the effect of robotic exoskeleton devices (RD) for overground gait and balance training. In order to understand the device effectiveness on neuroplasticity, it is important to understand RD effectiveness in the context of both downstream (functional, biomechanical and physiological) and upstream (cortical) metrics. The review identifies gaps in research areas and suggests recommendations for future research. We carefully delineate between the preliminary studies and randomized clinical trials in the interpretation of existing evidence. We present a comprehensive review of the clinical and pre-clinical research that evaluated therapeutic effects of RDs using various domains, diagnosis and stage of recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1014616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T14:15:15Z","timestamp":1685024115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Lower extremity robotic exoskeleton devices for overground ambulation recovery in acquired brain injury\u2014A review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kiran K.","family":"Karunakaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sai D.","family":"Pamula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caitlyn P.","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Legelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Soha","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.01.235","article-title":"The efficacy of state of the art overground gait rehabilitation robotics: a bird's eye view","volume":"105","author":"Alias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"TBI Statistics2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857029","article-title":"\u201cMobility and cognitive improvements resulted from overground robotic exoskeleton gait-training in persons with MS,\u201d","author":"Androwis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00702-5","article-title":"The ReWalk ReStoreTM soft robotic exosuit: a multi-site clinical trial of the safety, reliability, and feasibility of exosuit-augmented post-stroke gait rehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"Awad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0206-x","article-title":"Locomotor training through a novel robotic platform for gait rehabilitation in pediatric population: short report","volume":"13","author":"Bay\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0412-9","article-title":"A robot-based gait training therapy for pediatric population with cerebral palsy: goal setting, proposal and preliminary clinical implementation","author":"Bay\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"ABI vs. TBI: What is the Difference?2021"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0048-y","article-title":"The H2 robotic exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation after stroke: early findings from a clinical study Wearable robotics in clinical testing","volume":"12","author":"Bortole","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.10.048","article-title":"What does best evidence tell us about robotic gait rehabilitation in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Bruni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0062-0","article-title":"Effects of a wearable exoskeleton stride management assist system (SMA\u00ae) on spatiotemporal gait characteristics in individuals after stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Buesing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"2801","article-title":"\u201cRepeatability of EMG activity during exoskeleton assisted walking in children with cerebral palsy: implications for real time adaptable control,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS","author":"Bulea","year":"2018"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0377-8","article-title":"Shaping neuroplasticity by using powered exoskeletons in patients with stroke: a randomized clinical trial","author":"Calabr\u00f2","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34546-3_40","article-title":"Design of a pediatric exoskeleton for the rehabilitation of the physical disabilities caused by cerebral palsy","volume":"1","author":"Canela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Biorobot."},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy. 1\u201362016"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-60","article-title":"The effects of increased dose of exercise-based therapies to enhance motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cooke","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.09.070","article-title":"Does overground robotic gait training improve non-motor outcomes in patients with chronic stroke? Findings from a pilot study","volume":"81","author":"De Luca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.025","article-title":"Systematic reviews of clinical benefits of exoskeleton use for gait and mobility in neurologic disorders: a tertiary study","volume":"102","author":"Dijkers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915453","article-title":"Lower extremity exoskeletons and active orthoses: challenges and state-of-the-art","volume":"24","author":"Dollar","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2013.10.002","article-title":"Gait. The role of the ankle and foot in walking","volume":"98","author":"Dubin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.07.534","article-title":"Powered exoskeletons for walking assistance in persons with central nervous system injuries: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Esquenazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.11.005","article-title":"Adaptive ankle exoskeleton gait training demonstrates acute neuromuscular and spatiotemporal benefits for individuals with cerebral palsy: a pilot study","volume":"95","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30808-1_80-1","article-title":"Gait rehabilitation with exoskeletons","volume":"2016","author":"Federici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb. Hum. Motion"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151265","article-title":"The effectiveness of powered, active lower limb exoskeletons in neurorehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Federici","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/03790799009166265","article-title":"Gait recovery after hemiplegic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Friedman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.19.05574-6","article-title":"Overground Wearable powered exoskeleton for gait training in subacute stroke subjects: clinical and gait assessments","volume":"55","author":"Goffredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00765-4","article-title":"Activity-based training with the Myosuit: a safety and feasibility study across diverse gait disorders","volume":"17","author":"Haufe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462317000460","article-title":"What are user perspectives of exoskeleton technology? A literature review","volume":"33","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000397","article-title":"Influence of skill and exercise training parameters on locomotor recovery during stroke rehabilitation","volume":"29","author":"Hornby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1800110","article-title":"Implementing the exoskeleton Ekso GT TM for gait rehabilitation in a stroke unit\u2014feasibility, functional benefits and patient experiences","volume":"17","author":"H\u00f8yer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153183","article-title":"Perspectives and challenges in robotic neurorehabilitation","author":"Iandolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040448","article-title":"Functional gait recovery after a combination of conventional therapy and overground robot-assisted gait training is not associated with significant changes in muscle activation pattern: an EMG preliminary study on subjects subacute post stroke","author":"Infarinato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000379","article-title":"Use of lower-limb robotics to enhance practice and participation in individuals with neurological conditions","volume":"29","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Therapy"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E263","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006782","article-title":"Stride management assist exoskeleton vs functional gait training in stroke: a randomized trial","volume":"92","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-200284","article-title":"Over-ground robotic lower limb exoskeleton in neurological gait rehabilitation: user experiences and effects on walking ability","volume":"33","author":"Jyr\u00e4koski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Disabil"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8845772","article-title":"Kinetic gait changes after robotic exoskeleton training in adolescents and young adults with acquired brain injury","author":"Karunakaran","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8856787","article-title":"\u201cEffects of robotic exoskeleton gait training on an adolescent with brain injury,\u201d","author":"Karunakaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-210010","article-title":"Effect of robotic exoskeleton gait training during acute stroke on functional ambulation","volume":"2021","author":"Karunakaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation Preprint"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175764","article-title":"\u201cAlterations in cortical activity due to robotic gait training in traumatic brain injury,\u201d","volume":"2020","author":"Karunakaran","year":"","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-141","article-title":"Pilot study of locomotion improvement using hybrid assistive limb in chronic stroke patients","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21649\/akemu.v14i4.6","article-title":"Kinetics and kinematics of loading response in stroke patients (a review article)","author":"Kemu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. King Edward Med. Univ"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200005000-00006","article-title":"Hip hiking and circumduction: quantitative definitions","volume":"79","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-021-01109-y","article-title":"Robotic restoration of gait function in patients in the early recovery period of stroke","volume":"51","author":"Kotov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Physiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.14412\/2074-2711-2021-2-56-64","article-title":"Gait rehabilitation in patients with spastic hemiparesis: new opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Kovalenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuropsychiatry, Psychosom"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.02.010","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of a powered exoskeleton for assisted walking for persons with multiple sclerosis: a single-group preliminary study","volume":"98","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2019.12.009","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training using a very small-sized Hybrid Assistive Limb\u00ae for pediatric cerebral palsy: a case report","volume":"42","author":"Kuroda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"281","article-title":"Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories","volume":"22","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Rehab Measures2023"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70150-4","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Langhorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814659-0.00011-4","article-title":"Lower limb exoskeleton systems-overview","volume":"2020","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wearable Robot. Syst. Appl"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025950","article-title":"Training for walking efficiency with a wearable hip-assist robot in patients with stroke a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2019.2939212","article-title":"Robot-assisted overground walking: physiological responses and perceived exertion in nonambulatory stroke survivors","volume":"27","author":"Lefeber","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2016.1235620","article-title":"The immediate effects of robot-assistance on energy consumption and cardiorespiratory load during walking compared to walking without robot-assistance: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Lefeber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam9145","article-title":"A lower-extremity exoskeleton improves knee extension in children with crouch gait from cerebral palsy","author":"Lerner","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2595501","article-title":"Robotic exoskeleton for treatment of crouch gait in children with cerebral palsy: design and initial application","volume":"25","author":"Lerner","year":"","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105807","article-title":"Effect of robot assisted gait training on motor and walking function in patients with subacute stroke: a random controlled study","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S329","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-151320","article-title":"Improved walking ability with wearable robot-assisted training in patients suffering chronic stroke","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0162-5","article-title":"Powered robotic exoskeletons in post-stroke rehabilitation of gait: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Louie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0943","article-title":"Electromechanical-assisted gait training after stroke: a systematic review comparing end-effector and exoskeleton devices","volume":"44","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2018.0639","article-title":"OriginalArbeit: Verbesserung der Gehf\u00e4higkeit nach Schlaganfall","volume":"115","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30463-0","article-title":"Time for change in acquired brain injury","author":"Menon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2015.1129455","article-title":"Disability and rehabilitation: assistive technology gait training of subacute stroke patients using a hybrid assistive limb: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Mizukami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001395","article-title":"Brain connectivity modulation after exoskeleton-assisted gait in chronic hemiplegic stroke survivors: a pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Molteni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.06.005","article-title":"Exoskeleton and end-effector robots for upper and lower limbs rehabilitation: narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Molteni","year":"2018","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04591-9","article-title":"Wearable robotic exoskeleton for overground gait training in sub-acute and chronic hemiparetic stroke patients: preliminary results","volume":"53","author":"Molteni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010104","article-title":"Gait recovery with an overground powered exoskeleton: a randomized controlled trial on subacute stroke subjects","volume":"11","author":"Molteni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513478228","article-title":"'Regent Suit' training improves recovery of motor and daily living activities in subjects with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Monticone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.02.008","article-title":"Effects of robotic gait training after stroke: a meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Moucheboeuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6944521","article-title":"\u201cAn assistive controller for a lower-limb exoskeleton for rehabilitation after stroke, and preliminary assessment thereof,\u201d","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2014 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2346193","article-title":"An assistive control approach for a lower-limb exoskeleton to facilitate recovery of walking following stroke","volume":"23","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"Evidence from Functional Neuroimaging\u2014Rutgers University Libraries2022"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-92","article-title":"Gait training early after stroke with a new exoskeleton-the hybrid assistive limb: a study of safety and feasibility","volume":"11","author":"Nilsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JNER J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.581815","article-title":"Robotic exoskeleton gait training during acute stroke inpatient rehabilitation","author":"Nolan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512745","article-title":"Robotic exoskeleton gait training for inpatient rehabilitation in a young adult with traumatic brain injury","volume":"2018","author":"Nolan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. EMBS"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2021.1880494","article-title":"Effect of a passive hip exoskeleton on walking distance in neurological patients","volume":"34","author":"Panizzolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assist. Technol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.203","article-title":"Is dosage of physiotherapy a critical factor in deciding patterns of recovery from stroke: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Partridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2651404","article-title":"WAKE-Up exoskeleton to assist children with cerebral palsy: design and preliminary evaluation in level walking","volume":"25","author":"Patan\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng"},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function.","author":"Perry","year":"2010"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0304","article-title":"Effects of intensive therapy using gait trainer or floor walking exercises early after stroke","volume":"41","author":"Peurala","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2989481","article-title":"Performance evaluation of lower limb exoskeletons: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Pinto-Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/153872","article-title":"Robotic technologies and rehabilitation: new tools for stroke patients' therapy","author":"Poli","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1499137","article-title":"Do powered over-ground lower limb robotic exoskeletons affect outcomes in the rehabilitation of people with acquired brain injury?","volume":"14","author":"Postol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132627","article-title":"Stroke gait rehabilitation: a comparison of end-effector, overground exoskeleton, and conventional gait training","volume":"9","author":"Pournajaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1134\/S0362119716030142","article-title":"Evaluation of changes in the cortical gait control in post-stroke patients induced by the use of the \u201cRegent\u201d soft exoskeleton complex (SEC) by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"42","author":"Poydasheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01344","article-title":"Effects of exoskeleton gait training on balance, load distribution, and functional status in stroke: a randomized controlled trial","author":"Rojek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2020.1789829","article-title":"Stroke survivors' priorities for research related to life after stroke","volume":"28","author":"Rudberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1134\/S036211971601014X","article-title":"Changes in functional connectivity of motor zones in the course of treatment with a regent multimodal complex exoskeleton in neurorehabilitation of post-stroke patients","volume":"42","author":"Saenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol"},{"key":"B89","unstructured":"SaleP.\n            FranceschiniM.\n            WaldnerA.\n            HesseS.\n          22543557Use of the Robot Assisted Gait Therapy in Rehabilitation of Patients With Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury2021"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01845-0_93","article-title":"The effects of exoskeleton-assisted overground gait training in chronic stroke\u2014a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Biorobot."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1283-x","article-title":"Robotic-assisted gait training in neurological patients: who may benefit?","volume":"43","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.06.006","article-title":"Hemiparetic gait","volume":"26","author":"Sheffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-019-0389-8","article-title":"Review on lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton robots","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese J. Mech. Eng"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-190248","article-title":"Lessons learned from robotic gait training during rehabilitation: Therapeutic and medical severity considerations over 3 years","volume":"32","author":"Swank","year":"","journal-title":"Technol. Disabil"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000409","article-title":"The utilization of an overground robotic exoskeleton for gait training during inpatient rehabilitation\u2014single-center retrospective findings","volume":"43","author":"Swank","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105176","article-title":"Effects of exoskeletal lower limb robot training on the activities of daily living in stroke patients: retrospective pre-post comparison using propensity score matched analysis","author":"Taki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00770","article-title":"Differences in muscle synergy symmetry between subacute post-stroke patients with bioelectrically-controlled exoskeleton gait training and conventional gait training","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00276","article-title":"Lateral symmetry of synergies in Lower Limb muscles of acute post-stroke patients after robotic intervention","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2019.1640001","article-title":"A follow-up study of the effect of training using the hybrid assistive limb on gait ability in chronic stroke patients","volume":"26","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.07.026","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of Robot Suit HAL treatment for adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy","volume":"68","author":"Ueno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2013.03.005","article-title":"Wearable lower limb robotics: a review","volume":"33","author":"Viteckova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.2.177","article-title":"Functional abilities after stroke: measurement, natural history and prognosis","volume":"50","author":"Wade","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00048","article-title":"Clinical application of the hybrid assistive limb (Hal) for gait training\u2014a systematic review","author":"Wall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-161424","article-title":"Effects of gait training using the Hybrid Assistive Limb\u00ae in recovery-phase stroke patients: a 2-month follow-up, randomized, controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172408","article-title":"The use of robots in stroke rehabilitation: a narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.013","article-title":"Incidence of gait abnormalities after traumatic brain injury","volume":"90","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148","volume-title":"Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement: Fourth Edition.","author":"Winter","year":"2009"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.032","article-title":"Review of assistive strategies in powered lower-limb orthoses and exoskeletons","volume":"64","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rob. Auton. Syst"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00814-6","article-title":"Effects of wearable ankle robotics for stair and over-ground training on sub-acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabil"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0394-7","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of robot-assisted gait training with dorsiflexion assistance on chronic stroke patients wearing ankle-foot-orthosis","volume":"15","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.2684","article-title":"Sustained effects of once-a-week gait training with hybrid assistive limb for rehabilitation in chronic stroke: case study","volume":"28","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Therapy Sci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000132","article-title":"Feasibility and efficacy of high-speed gait training with a voluntary driven exoskeleton robot for gait and balance dysfunction in patients with chronic stroke: nonrandomized pilot study with concurrent control","volume":"38","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202018503036","article-title":"Impacts of a lower limb exoskeleton robot on the muscle strength of tibialis anterior muscle in stroke patients","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abf0d5","article-title":"Effects of an exoskeleton-assisted gait training on post-stroke lower-limb muscle coordination","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurorobotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1014616\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T14:15:23Z","timestamp":1685024123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1014616\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1014616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1014616","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"article-number":"1014616"}}