{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:32:30Z","timestamp":1763202750854,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SALUD-2018-02-B-S-45803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SALUD-2018-02-B-S-45803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) can allow control of external devices using motor imagery (MI) decoded from electroencephalography (EEG). Although BCI have a wide range of applications including neurorehabilitation, the low spatial resolution of EEG, coupled to the variability of cortical activations during MI, make control of BCI based on EEG a challenging task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An assessment of BCI control with different feedback timing strategies was performed. Two different feedback timing strategies were compared, comprised by passive hand movement provided by a robotic hand orthosis. One of the timing strategies, the continuous, involved the partial movement of the robot immediately after the recognition of each time segment in which hand MI was performed. The other feedback, the discrete, was comprised by the entire movement of the robot after the processing of the complete MI period. Eighteen healthy participants performed two sessions of BCI training and testing, one with each feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significantly higher BCI performance (65.4 \u00b1 17.9% with the continuous and 62.1 \u00b1 18.6% with the discrete feedback) and pronounced bilateral alpha and ipsilateral beta cortical activations were observed with the continuous feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was hypothesized that these effects, although heterogenous across participants, were caused by the enhancement of attentional and closed-loop somatosensory processes. This is important, since a continuous feedback timing could increase the number of BCI users that can control a MI-based system or enhance cortical activations associated with neuroplasticity, important for neurorehabilitation applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1015464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T16:53:58Z","timestamp":1678121638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Continuous versus discrete robotic feedback for brain-computer interfaces aimed for neurorehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ruben I.","family":"Carino-Escobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn E.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Carrillo-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Cristerna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Cantillo-Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080886","article-title":"High theta and low alpha powers may be indicative of BCI-illiteracy in motor imagery.","volume":"8","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-012-9566-2","article-title":"Changes in the Mu rhythm in different types of motor activity and on observation of movements.","volume":"42","author":"Aleksandrov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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