{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:27:08Z","timestamp":1771025228359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The myoelectric control strategy, based on surface electromyographic signals, has long been used for controlling a prosthetic system with multiple degrees of freedom. Several methods classify gestures and force levels but the simultaneous real-time control of hand\/wrist gestures and force levels did not yet reach a satisfactory level of effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this work, the hierarchical classification approach, already validated on 31 healthy subjects, was adapted for the real-time control of a multi-DoFs prosthetic system on 15 trans-radial amputees. The effectiveness of the hierarchical classification approach was assessed by evaluating both offline and real-time performance using three algorithms: Logistic Regression (LR), Non-linear Logistic Regression (NLR), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study showed the offline performance of amputees was promising and comparable to healthy subjects, with mean F1 scores of over 90% for the \u201cHand\/wrist gestures classifier\u201d and 95% for the force classifiers, implemented with the three algorithms with features extraction (FE). Another significant finding of this study was the feasibility of using the hierarchical classification strategy for real-time applications, due to its ability to provide a response time of 100 ms while maintaining an average online accuracy of above 90%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A possible solution for real-time control of both hand\/wrist gestures and force levels is the combined use of the LR algorithm with FE for the \"Hand\/wrist gestures classifier\", and the NLR with FE for the Spherical and Tip force classifiers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1092006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T05:11:35Z","timestamp":1678338695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hierarchical strategy for sEMG classification of the hand\/wrist gestures and forces of transradial amputees"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Leone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Mereu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cordella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Gruppioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Zollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5758","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6610859","article-title":"\u201cA preliminary investigation of the effect of force variation for myoelectric control of hand prosthesis,\u201d","volume-title":"2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Al-Timemy","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"3","article-title":"\u201cThe innervation of mammalian skeletal muscle in Ciba Foundation Symposium-Myotatic, Kinesthetic and Vestibular Mechanisms (Chichester)","author":"Barker","year":"1967"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0290-6","article-title":"NLR, MLP, SVM, and LDA: a comparative analysis on EMG data from people with trans-radial amputation","volume":"14","author":"Bellingegni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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