{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:38:56Z","timestamp":1771234736587,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurorobot."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Robotic therapy allow to propose sessions of controlled and identical exercises, customizing settings, and characteristics on the individual patient. The effectiveness of robotic assisted therapy is still under study and the use of robots in clinical practice is still limited. Moreover, the possibility of treatment at home allows to reduce the economic costs and time to be borne by the patient and the caregiver and is a valid tool during periods of pandemic such as covid. The aim of this study is to assess whether a robotic home-based treatment rehabilitation using the iCONE robotic device has effects on a stroke population, despite the chronic condition of patients involved and the absence of a therapist next to the patient while performing the exercises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All patients underwent an initial (T0) and final (T1) assessment with the iCONE robotic device and clinical scales. After T0 evaluation, the robot was delivered to the patient's home for 10 days of at-home treatment (5 days a week for 2 weeks).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparison between T0 and T1 evaluations revealed some significant improvements in robot-evaluated indices such as Independence and Size for the Circle Drawing exercise and Movement Duration for Point-to-Point exercise, but also in the MAS of the elbow. From the analysis of the acceptability questionnaire, a general appreciation of the robot emerged: patients spontaneously asked for the addition of further sessions and to continue therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Telerehabilitation of patients suffering from a chronic stroke is an area that is still little explored. From our experience, this is one of the first studies to carry out a telerehabilitation with these characteristics. The use of robots can become a method to reduce the rehabilitation health costs, to ensure continuity of care, and to arrive in more distant places or where the availability of resources is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the data obtained, this rehabilitation seems to be promising for this population. Moreover, promoting the recovery of the upper limb, iCONE can improve patient's quality of life. It would be interesting to conduct RCT studies to compare a conventional treatment in structure with a robotic telematics treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1130770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T07:10:06Z","timestamp":1678950606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Upper limb home-based robotic rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Bressi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Campagnola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cricenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Santacaterina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Miccinilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"D'Alonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Lazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fioravante","family":"Capone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pacilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Sterzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059414522229","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of EEG-based motor imagery brain-computer interface robotic rehabilitation for stroke","volume":"46","author":"Ang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1464604","article-title":"Translation and cultural validation of clinical observational scales - the Fugl-Meyer assessment for post stroke sensorimotor function in Colombian Spanish","volume":"41","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017866","article-title":"Evolution of the modified rankin scale and its use in future stroke trials","volume":"48","author":"Broderick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJMEDINF.2018.12.001","article-title":"Home-based technologies for stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMANEUROL.2019.1604","article-title":"Efficacy of home-based telerehabilitation vs in-clinic therapy for adults after stroke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Cramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/S12984-021-00837-Z","article-title":"A usability study in patients with stroke using MERLIN, a robotic system based on serious games for upper limb rehabilitation in the home setting","volume":"18","author":"Guill\u00e9n-Climent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPHYS.2022.05.017","article-title":"Clinimetrics: Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)","volume":"68","author":"Haggag","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/s0079-6123(08)61829-4","article-title":"Reorganization of neocortical representations after brain injury: a neurophysiological model of the bases of recovery from stroke","volume":"71","author":"Jenkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70495-1","article-title":"Clinical interpretation and use of stroke scales","volume":"5","author":"Kasner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/S-0038-1649503","article-title":"Global burden of stroke","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPHYS.2013.12.012","article-title":"National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)","volume":"60","author":"Kwah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010255.PUB3","article-title":"Telerehabilitation services for stroke","author":"Laver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2021.1943797\/FORMAT\/EPUB","article-title":"A scoping review of design requirements for a home-based upper limb rehabilitation robot for stroke","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-3","article-title":"A survey on robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Maciejasz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324755","article-title":"Upper limb movements and cerebral plasticity in post-stroke rehabilitation","volume":"20","author":"Masiero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2229","article-title":"Robotic devices and brain-machine interfaces for hand rehabilitation post-stroke","volume":"49","author":"McConnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/S12984-015-0080-Y","article-title":"Feasibility study into self-administered training at home using an arm and hand device with motivational gaming environment in chronic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Nijenhuis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153872","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/153872","article-title":"Robotic technologies and rehabilitation: new tools for stroke patients' therapy","volume":"2013","author":"Poli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001920.PUB3","article-title":"Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke","author":"Pollock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520374","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/520374","article-title":"Feedback-mediated upper extremities exercise: increasing patient motivation in poststroke rehabilitation","volume":"2014","author":"Popovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104463","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSTROKECEREBROVASDIS.2019.104463","article-title":"Fugl-Meyer assessment scores are related with kinematic measures in people with chronic hemiparesis after stroke","volume":"29","author":"Rech","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26242-0_5\/COVER","article-title":"Post-stroke robotic upper-limb telerehabilitation using serious games to increase patient motivation: First results from armassist system clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-De-Pablo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosyst. Biorobot."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-104","article-title":"Effects of upper limb robot-assisted therapy on motor recovery in subacute stroke patients","volume":"11","author":"Sale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30293-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"5","author":"Soriano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.10.1938","article-title":"A novel approach to stroke rehabilitation: robot-aided sensorimotor stimulation","volume":"54","author":"Volpe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307311102","article-title":"Intensive sensorimotor arm training mediated by therapist or robot improves hemiparesis in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"22","author":"Volpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"World Health Statistics 20222022"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurorobotics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1130770\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T07:10:09Z","timestamp":1678950609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1130770\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1130770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbot.2023.1130770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"article-number":"1130770"}}